Scanning Kelvin Probe as a highly sensitive tool for detecting hydrogen permeation with high local resolution

Şenöz, Ceylan; Evers, Stefan; Stratmann, M.; Rohwerder, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.014

Cited by 96 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) [2][3][4] and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) [5,6] have been used to detect hydrogen in a range of materials and alloys. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has recently been reported as a new technique to detect hydrogen in steel [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen mapping in an aluminum alloy using an alternating current scanning electrochemical microscope (AC-SECM)

Lafouresse

Bonfils-Lahovary

Laffont

et al. 2017

Electrochemistry Communications

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OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. A B S T R A C TMeasurements using an alternating current scanning electrochemical microscope (AC-SECM) were performed on a 2024 aluminum alloy pre-charged with hydrogen. A gradient in AC current magnitude was observed over several hundreds of microns on the side perpendicular to the charging side. After heat treatment at 130°C for 2 h, the current gradient disappeared. Comparison with scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) measurements confirmed that the increase in AC current magnitude observed with AC-SECM was due to the presence of hydrogen in the material. Fitting of localized impedance spectra with a suitable equivalent circuit showed the influence of H on the corrosion rate. AC-SECM is thus a powerful new method to detect hydrogen and study its effect on corrosion at the micrometer scale.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen mapping in an aluminum alloy using an alternating current scanning electrochemical microscope (AC-SECM)

Lafouresse

Bonfils-Lahovary

Laffont

et al. 2017

Electrochemistry Communications

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“…The Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) provides direct information of the corrosion potential underneath coatings at buried interfaces, but, it does not provide information about interfacial reaction rates. [2][3][4] Recently, inspired by earlier work on controlling the potential on one side of a palladium membrane by applying a potential on the other side to control the defined hydrogen activity across the sample, [13][14][15][16] a new potentiometric approach using hydrogen permeation as a tool to measure interfacial oxygen reduction rates at this buried metal/organic coating interface has been developed. 17 In this method, the classical Devanathan-Stachurski technique has been adapted, wherein hydrogen permeation from the back side of the sample is used to quantitatively measure the oxygen reduction rate at the metal/organic coating interface on the other side.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing the Buried Metal-Organic Coating Interfacial Reaction Kinetic Mechanisms by a Hydrogen Permeation Based Potentiometric Approach

Vijayshankar

Altin

Merola

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Corrosion driven delamination of coatings is crucially determined by the rate of the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction at the buried metal-organic coating interface. Quantitative measurement of this rate at such interfaces by conventional techniques is impeded due to the blocking of ion transport by the coating. A new approach where hydrogen permeation is used as a tool to measure the oxygen reduction rate underneath coatings has been recently introduced. This permeation based potentiometry approach measures the rate of the oxygen reduction reaction by correlating the open circuit potential established as a consequence of the dynamic electrochemical equilibrium between hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions on the coated exit side with the hydrogen uptake rate on the entry side. In this work, the interfacial reaction kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction causing delamination of the coating are investigated by this hydrogen permeation based potentiometric approach. Moreover, thus performed prolonged cathodic polarizations of the palladium/coating interface have been found to destroy the interface, just like it is the case in the cathodic delamination process. Initial results obtained on ultra-thin films of iron on palladium are also presented, showing that the technique is applicable also on technically more relevant metal surfaces. Corrosion driven degradation of the buried metal/organic coating interface is of utmost interest in the contemporary space of coatings science. Earlier studies have shown conclusively that the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays a fundamental role in the destruction of this buried metal/organic coating interface. The role of the interface between organic coating and metal has been object of intense research over last decades. Leidheiser et al.1 pointed out the key role of the cathodic ORR for the degradation process and also showed that diffusion processes such as water and oxygen transport through the coating can influence this delamination rate. Stratmann and co-workers 2-4 proposed a detailed delamination mechanism for a basic polymer coating on steel where galvanic coupling between the defect site of metal dissolution (local anode) and delamination site of electrochemical oxygen reduction (local cathode) supported by cation migration along the polymer/metal interface lead to the progressive deadhesion of the polymer from the underlying metal based on comprehensive analysis of the local electrode potential at the metal/polymer interface using primarily the Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) technique along with complementary Auger electron spectroscopy and mechanical deadhesion tests. Fürbeth and Stratmann 5-7 extended their studies to coated zinc (or galvanized steel), which also involves anodic processes at the interface. Also other works by Brewis et al. 8 and Dickie et al. 9 show the importance of interfacial electrochemical reactions on metal/polymer adhesion. Up to now our knowledge about the reactions and how they are determined by the interface itself is too rest...

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“…Interpretation of the results led to the assumption that formation of electrochemical equilibrium between reduced residual oxygen and hydrogen oxidation takes place. Changes in the surface potential were related to an increasing amount of diffused hydrogen [24]. However, further studies showed a logarithmic correlation between the amount of hydrogen and the measured surface Volta potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in hydrogen quantification using Kelvin probe technique at different levels of relative humidity

Burgstaller

Schimo

Hassel

2017

J Solid State Electrochem

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Kelvin probe-based contact potential measurements were conducted with in situ electrochemical hydrogen loading of a Pd membrane with a thickness of 100 μm. The theoretical basis of diffusion coefficient calculation based on measured response time of potential drop, arising from hydrogen arriving at the detection side of the Pd membrane, was discussed. In situ hydrogen loading was also utilized for insertion of different amounts of hydrogen into the Pd sample while monitoring the resulting contact potential difference changes. Measurement of contact potential difference at different final values of hydrogen concentration in the Pd membrane was performed at various atmospheric conditions, focusing in this work on increasing relative humidity (4 to 85% rH). Moreover, the effect of humidity changes on hydrogen effusion kinetics at room temperature and low oxygen content (<1%) was studied.

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Scanning Kelvin Probe as a highly sensitive tool for detecting hydrogen permeation with high local resolution

Cited by 96 publications

References 26 publications

Hydrogen mapping in an aluminum alloy using an alternating current scanning electrochemical microscope (AC-SECM)

Hydrogen mapping in an aluminum alloy using an alternating current scanning electrochemical microscope (AC-SECM)

Probing the Buried Metal-Organic Coating Interfacial Reaction Kinetic Mechanisms by a Hydrogen Permeation Based Potentiometric Approach

Challenges in hydrogen quantification using Kelvin probe technique at different levels of relative humidity

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