“…They found the relationships between items and constructs were equivalent across their samples of undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty. Prior to their work, investigations of differences between students and faculty examined differences in mean scores without demonstrating measurement invariance (Lippincott & Kyrillidou, 2004;Thompson et al, 2005;Thompson, Kyrillidou, & Cook, 2008;Wei, Thompson, & Cook, 2005). Without establishing measurement invariance, across-group comparisons of subscale means may be confounded by measurement bias (Bontempo & Hofer, 2007).…”