Response representativeness is more important than response rate in survey research. However, response rate is important if it bears on representativeness. The present meta-analysis explores factors associated with higher response rates in electronic surveys reported in both published and unpublished research. The number of contacts, personalized contacts, and precontacts are the factors most associated with higher response rates in the Web studies that are analyzed.

This study confirms that a single second-order factor is associated with the delivery of high-quality library services in a research university envi ronment. However, a hierarchical factor analysis also demonstrated that research library users simultaneously think about library quality at mul tiple levels. The LibQUAL+ diagnostic tool, a product of the ARL's New Measures Initiative, shows that although a single factor dominates user thinking about library service quality, all of the items used in the survey suffuse this factor. Nevertheless, several first-order factors contribute important unique information to the notion of service quality. As different types of users place varying degrees of importance on the first-order factors, the utility of the hierarchical model is demonstrated.n the history of many profesbaseball parlance. BA and ERA suffice as sions, careful research and rigmeasures of excellence in the sport. orous design have producedHuman health also has its overarching standards of measurement that higher-order measures. Since Stephen permit specialist and layman alike to achieve a perspective on performance. In baseball, the most statistically driven of all professional sports, batting average (BA) and earned run average (ERA) pro vide a benchmarking overview on all bat ters and pitchers in the history of the game. A .400 batting average is extraor dinary; a career ERA below 2.00 will cer tainly earn the achiever a niche in the Hall of Fame. And although underlying vari ables contribute to performance measures (bat speed, perhaps, and pitch velocity), those factors are not part of the common Hale's publication in 1733, blood pressure measurement has been a fundamental in dicator of human health. Although meth ods have improved in the aftermath of Hale's rather invasive methods of mea surement, pressure scores expressed as millimeters of mercury have become rec ognizable standards. A score of 120/70 expresses a desirable human condition the world over. Conversely, a score of 190/100 would be a measurement of considerable concern, although the search for causal factors could span a broad spectrum of possible contributors. 1As is the case with

Unnumbered graphic rating scales theoretically can lead to greater score variance and thus greater score reliability. The use of Web-based graphic sliders overcomes the practical problems of administering graphic scales on paper measures: the excessive costs of scoring and excessive scoring errors arising from the tediousness of scoring done by hand. The study investigated whether graphic scales realize theoretically expected improved score reliability and how coarseness in slider scoring affects reliability. A large sample size (n = 4,407) and diverse respondent groups were employed so that more confidence could be invested in results.

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Here we establish that the creation of a universal perinatal database and biospecimen collection is not only possible, but allows for the performance of state-of-the-science translational perinatal research and is a potentially valuable resource to academic perinatal researchers.