Scaling Issues in Porous and Fractured Media

Stochastic analysis of three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity upscaling in a heterogeneous tropical soil

“…The higher effect was obtained for the block side sizes equal to 4 and 12 m, where the increase in the mean was 17% and 23%, respectively. The increase in the mean was also mentioned by other authors [75], which attribute it to the impact of high conductivity features in KV when the block increases.…”

Scale effect on hydraulic conductivity and solute transport: Small and large-scale laboratory experiments and field experiments

“…we can see for each test condition, K increases with the sample volume. Similar results were also observed by other researchers (Chapuis et al, 2005;Lai and Ren, 2007;Sobieraj et al, 2004;Tidwell, 2006) who attribute it to the high K features that are not present at small scales. We conclude that, for the same measurement condition, there is scale effect on K since observed K values depend on the volume sampled.…”

“…We conclude that, for the same measurement condition, there is scale effect on K since observed K values depend on the volume sampled. In general, the K obtained at the laboratory were lower than that obtained at the field, however, these results cannot be conclusive since the difference in test conditions can influence the responses (Neuman, 1994;Tidwell, 2006).…”

“…However, many studies have shown that K computed in the laboratory tend to have a smaller mean and a larger variance than K observed in the field over larger scales (Chapuis et al, 2005;Clauser, 1992;Sobieraj et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2017). In any case, scale effects may vary according to measurements conditions, geological characteristics and the spatial correlation length of K in a specific site (Neuman, 1994;Tidwell, 2006).…”