Scaling for turbulent viscosity of buoyant plumes in stratified fluids: PIV measurement with implications for submarine hydrothermal plume turbulence

Vertical Round Buoyant Jets and Fountains in a Linearly, Density-Stratified Fluid

“…From Figure 1a, it is evident that, when MN/B > 10, the normalized THR Z/L j is constant, in accordance with dimensional analysis, with an average value around c j ≈ 3.50 according to all authors but [14]. From Figure 1b, it is clear that, when MN/B < 1, the normalized THR Z/L p is a constant, congruent with dimensional analysis regarding initially plume-like flows, with an average constant from the data presented of c p ≈ 4.35, greater than those measured in [1,11,16]. Note that [1,14] added the distance z o of virtual origin to the THR, estimated to be located 5 cm and 1 cm upstream from the pipe outlet, respectively.…”

“…Recently, the spreading height of buoyant jets in a linearly density-stratified ambient was measured [15], concluding that the normalized spreading height is 1.53 when MN/B > 7 and 2.775 when MN/B < 7. Measurements of the velocity field of buoyant jets in linearly stratified ambient were performed [16] using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The terminal rise height in plume-like flows was measured, along with the turbulence parameters that were evaluated for modeling.…”

Numerical simulation of two coalescing turbulent forced plumes in linearly stratified fluids

“…Specifically, νt attains its maximum in the plume cap region and would be enhanced near the neutrally buoyant layer because of rebounding and lateral spreading if the source separation is appropriate. Both of these facts, which have also been reported in related studies, 31,40,62 imply that there is an important turbulent mixing process in plume cap regions, and there could be another noteworthy one in the interaction area of two plumes.…”

“…The model suggested that the maximum rise height of a plume in a linearly stratified fluid could be expressed as a function of the source buoyancy flux and the background buoyancy frequency, and it was extended to the regime of forced plumes by Morton. 18 Moreover, many numerical simulations, physical experiments, and analytical solutions have been conducted to investigate the dynamics of buoyant plumes, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and the research for the plumes generated by thermal convection is also abundant. [32][33][34][35][36] In particular, Lavelle 37 described the behavior of hydrothermal plumes in a rotating stratified environment by a convection model, and he showed the model to be feasible when simulating the characteristics in the plume cap region and the circulation in the surrounding environment.…”

Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic processes of deep-sea hydrothermal plumes: A case study on Daxi hydrothermal field, Carlsberg Ridge

“…MTT模型被进一步推广至具有 显著初始动量的受迫羽流情形 [14] , 极大地扩展了浮力 羽流积分模型的适用范围. 物理模型实验同样广泛应用于浮力羽流动力学研 究. Contini等人 [15] 利用水箱模型研究了存在背景流场 时浮力羽流的卷吸行为, 其观察到羽流最大上升高度 附近的振荡比理论模型的预测表现出了更为强烈的衰 减. Zhang等人 [13,16] 应用粒子图像测速法 数值模拟为复杂条件下的浮力羽流精细动力学结 构研究提供了有效的手段. Lavelle [18] 通过数值模型研 究了线源热液口在存在背景流时的发展过程和温盐异 常分布, 表明经典的卷吸假设至少不适用于羽帽区.…”