Scale-Out Networking in the Data Center

Vahdat, Amin; Al-Fares, Mohammad; Farrington, Nathan; Mysore, Radhika Niranjan; Porter, George; Radhakrishnan, Sivasankar

doi:10.1109/mm.2010.72

Cited by 109 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The solution presented, Flexible Radix Switch TM (FRS) 1 , addresses the root DC problems, the fragmented, nonscalable control plane and tree topology 2 . The name FRS reflects the high degree of integration of network resources, from fabric and wiring aggregation via a novel, mathematically optimal 3 Long Hop TM topology (LH), through integrated control and management planes with factory like division of labor and maximum pooling of common functions and resources.…”

Section: Figure 1-1: Conventional Data Center [3]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The integrated control and management planes of FRS utilize similar ideas and techniques as those used by other proposals [2] to [9], hence most of the paper is focused on the key new advance, the Long Hop topology.…”

Section: Figure 1-2: Frs Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a single row, the expression ℙ(r&h s ) computes linear combination ∑ ( ) in GF(2) to get a bit for that row in column V(r). Hence, the full column vector |V(r) is a linear combination in GF (2) m of the bit columns |V  ∈ m of the hop list S m , and the sum in (3.24) is the "Hamming weight of |V(r)" V(r):…”

Section: Figure 3-2: Bit Columns Action Of Walsh Function W Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the translation recipe for converting between [_n,_k] codes 16 over GF (2) and Cayley graphs Cay( ,S m ) 17 is as follows: …”

Section: Figure 3-2: Bit Columns Action Of Walsh Function W Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal networks from error correcting codes

Tomic

2013

Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems

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To address growth challenges facing large Data Centers and supercomputing clusters a new construction is presented for scalable, high throughput, low latency networks. The resulting networks require 1.5-5 times fewer switches, 2-6 times fewer cables, have 1.2-2 times lower latency and correspondingly lower congestion and packet losses than the best present or proposed networks providing the same number of ports at the same total bisection. These advantage ratios increase with network size.The key new ingredient is the exact equivalence discovered between the problem of maximizing network bisection for large classes of practically interesting Cayley graphs and the problem of maximizing codeword distance for linear error correcting codes. Resulting translation recipe converts existent optimal error correcting codes into optimal throughput networks.Ethernet implementation was developed and a prototype built using managed COTS switches. Integrated control plane handles topology, distribution of forwarding tables and fault recovery. Scalable routing uses stretch-free topological addressing. Local load balancing distributes flows at the source over multiple, nonminimal, edge disjoint paths. Path selection does not use tunneling or overlays but embeds path selectors in the topological addresses resulting in wire-speed forwarding and allowing for cut-through switching where available.

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Section: Figure 1-1: Conventional Data Center [3]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 1-2: Frs Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 3-2: Bit Columns Action Of Walsh Function W Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the translation recipe for converting between [_n,_k] codes 16 over GF (2) and Cayley graphs Cay( ,S m ) 17 is as follows: …”

Section: Figure 3-2: Bit Columns Action Of Walsh Function W Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal networks from error correcting codes

Tomic

2013

Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems

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“…It is of course possible to partition individual applications to run on dedicated machines with a dedicated interconnect, resulting in smaller-scale networks. However, the incremental cost of scaling the network will ideally be modest [8] and the flexibility benefits of both shifting computation dynamically and supporting ever-larger applications are large. Hence, we consider interconnects that must roughly scale with the number of servers in the data center.…”

Section: Background: Data Center Network Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Optical Data Center

Vahdat

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2011

Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2011

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SEAL2: An SDN‐enabled all‐Layer2 packet forwarding network architecture for multitenant datacenter networks

Yeh

Qiu

Chang

2019

Int J Communication

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This paper presents the design and development of a new network virtualization scheme to support multitenant datacenter networking (MT-DCN) based on software-defined networking (SDN) technologies. Effective multitenancy supports are essential and challenging for datacenter networking designs. In this study, we propose a new network virtualization architecture framework for efficient packet forwarding in MT-DCN. Traditionally, an internet host uses IP addresses for both host identification and location information, which causes mobile IP problems whenever the host is moved from one IP subnet to another. Unfortunately, virtual machine (VM) mobility is inevitable for cloud computing in datacenters for reasons such as server consolidation and network traffic flow optimization. To solve the problems, we decouple VM identification and location information with two independent values neither by IP addresses. We redefine the semantics of Ethernet MAC address to embed tenant ID information to the MAC address field without violating its original functionality. We also replace traditional Layer2/Layer3 two-stage routing schemes (MAC/IP) with an all-Layer2 packet forwarding mechanism that combines MAC addresses (for VM identification and forwarding in local server groups under an edge switch gateway) and multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) labels (for packet transportation between edge switch gateways across the core label switching network connecting all the edge gateways). To accommodate conventional IP packet architecture in a multitenant environment, SDN (OpenFlow) technology is used to handle all this complex network traffics. We verified the design concepts by a simple system prototype in which all the major system components were implemented. Based on the prototype system, we evaluated packet forwarding efficiency under the proposed network architecture and compared it with conventional IP subnet routing approaches. We also evaluated the incurred packet processing overhead caused by each of the packet routing components.

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Scale-Out Networking in the Data Center

Cited by 109 publications

References 20 publications

Optimal networks from error correcting codes

Optimal networks from error correcting codes

The Emerging Optical Data Center

SEAL2: An SDN‐enabled all‐Layer2 packet forwarding network architecture for multitenant datacenter networks

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