Scaffolding proteins in the development and maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier

Abstract

The skin of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates protects the organism against the external environment, preventing heat, water and electrolyte loss, as well as entry of chemicals and pathogens. Impairments in the epidermal permeability barrier function are associated with the genesis and/or progression of a variety of pathological conditions, including genetic inflammatory diseases, microbial and viral infections, and photodamage induced by UV radiation. In mammals, the outside-in epidermal permeability barrier is provided by the joint action of the outermost cornified layer, together with assembled tight junctions in granular keratinocytes found in the layers underneath. Tight junctions serve as both outside-in and inside-out barriers, and impede paracellular movements of ions, water, macromolecules and microorganisms. At the molecular level, tight junctions consist of integral membrane proteins that form an extracellular seal between adjacent cells, and associate with cytoplasmic scaffold proteins that serve as links with the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we address the roles that scaffold proteins play specifically in the establishment and maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier, and how various pathologies alter or impair their functions.

Precision cell delivery in biphasic polymer systems enhances growth of keratinocytes in culture and promotes their attachment on acellular dermal matrices

“…Adherens junctions are abundant in epithelial tissues. These junctions are composed of transmembrane proteins, such as E‐Cadherin, that mediate cell–cell contact (Crawford & Dagnino, ; Soares et al, ). Thus, the formation of adherens junctions can be assessed by detecting the presence of E‐Cadherin, which is indicative of epithelial barrier formation.…”

Occludin Promotes Adhesion of CD8+ T Cells and Melanocytes in Vitiligo via the HIF-1α Signaling Pathway

“…As mentioned before, increased occludin expression in activated γδ T cells enhancing the migration of γδ T cells from the epidermis to the lymph nodes, thus, upregulated occludin in CD8 + T cells from peripheral blood indicating that it may facilitate CD8 + T cells from blood migrating to the skin. Previous studies have shown that occludin plays an important role in the adhesion of lymphocytes to epithelial cells, as well as of exogenous occludin to Xenopus embryo cells in the form of self-ligands [ 12 , 30 , 31 ]. Therefore, we assumed that CD8 + T cells from PBMCs of vitiligo patients migrate to the skin, where occludin on the surface of CD8 + T cells may bind to the occludin on the surface of melanocytes to mediate the adhesion of CD8 + T cells and melanocytes.…”

Coenzyme Q0 From Antrodia cinnamomea Exhibits Drug-Resistant Bacteria Eradication and Keratinocyte Inflammation Mitigation to Ameliorate Infected Atopic Dermatitis in Mouse

“…TJ is involved in proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion in keratinocytes. The differentiation biomarkers filaggrin, involucrin, and integrin β1 are principal proteins in the construction of the skin-barrier property (Crawford and Dagnino, 2017). CoQ 0 could ameliorate the deficiency of filaggrin and integrin β1 but not involucrin in 1649b-treated HaCaT.…”