Saving global platinum demand while achieving carbon neutrality in the passenger transport sector: linking material flow analysis with integrated assessment model

Tong, Xin; Dai, Hancheng; Lu, Pantao; Zhang, Anying; Ma, Teng

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106110

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…1 ) and to meet the end-use service demand (Table 1 ), which is projected based on a statistical relationship between historical service demand and GDP per capita. Besides, IMED|TEC considers the dynamic balance of technology stock capacity, technology share constraints, CO 2 and air pollutants constraints under given assumptions 37 – 39 . Notably, the updated and provincial IMED|TEC model has been well calibrated with several representative nationwide residential energy surveys 3 , 4 , 11 , 27 , and the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions in the model in the base year are well comparable to previous studies 3 , 4 (Supplementary Table 7 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China

Ma,

Zhang,

Xiao

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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The rural energy transition is critical in China’s efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and improve air quality. However, the costs and health benefits associated with the transition to carbon neutrality remain unclear. Here we explore the cost-effective transition pathways and air quality-related health impacts using an integrated energy-air quality-health modeling framework. We find that decarbonizing rural cooking and heating would triple contemporary energy consumption from 2014 to 2060, considerably reducing energy poverty nationwide. By 2060, electric cooking ranges and air-to-air heat pumps should be widely integrated, costing an additional 13 billion USD nationally in transformation costs, with ~40% concentrated in Shandong, Heilongjiang, Shanxi and Hebei provinces. Rural residential decarbonization would remarkably improve air quality in northern China, yielding substantial health co-benefits. Notably, monetized health benefits in most provinces are projected to offset transformation costs, except for certain relatively lower-development southwestern provinces, implying more financial support for rural residents in these areas will be needed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China

Ma,

Zhang,

Xiao

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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“…The list of metals necessary for the green transition includes the rare earth varieties but goes much further. Platinum group metals are also worthy of significant attention on account of the fact that they are vital for the hydrogen economy, particularly fuel cells . Like rare earth metals, their primary extraction and processing are highly concentrated in a relatively small number of locations like South Africa and Russia, thereby resulting in a high supply risk .…”

Section: Past Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Platinum group metals are also worthy of significant attention on account of the fact that they are vital for the hydrogen economy, particularly fuel cells. 14 Like rare earth metals, their primary extraction and processing are highly concentrated in a relatively small number of locations like South Africa and Russia, thereby resulting in a high supply risk. 15 The major difference to rare earths is their high intrinsic market value, which has led to the emergence of a robust recycling market for these metals capable of supplying considerable quantities of platinum from secondary sources such as recycled auto catalysts.…”

Section: Materials Requirements For Green Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Closing the Infrastructure Gap for Decarbonization: The Case for an Integrated Mineral Supply Agreement

Ali

Kalantzakos

Eggert

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Significant amounts of feedstock metals will be required to build the infrastructure for the green energy transition. It is currently estimated, however, that the world may be facing an "infrastructure gap" that could prevent us from meeting United Nations Sustainable Development Goal targets. Prior investigations have focused on the extractive aspects of the mining industry to meet these targets and on looming bottlenecks and regional challenges in these upstream market segments. Scant attention has been paid to the downstream processing segments of the raw materials value chain, which also has a high degree of market concentration. Growing international tensions and geopolitical events have resulted in a shift toward "reshoring" and "near-shoring" of mining processing capabilities as regional powers attempt to make metal supply chains more secure. While increasing resilience, these shifts can also dilute the overall effectiveness of the global mining supply network and subsequently hamper the world's ability to close the green energy infrastructure gap. We argue that broadening the remit of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to include coordinating these mission-critical metal processing functions can mitigate these issues. The G20 is one potential forum for enabling an integrated mineral processing agreement under the auspices of IRENA.

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“…Hence, investigating the effects of deploying EVs on critical metals requirements and mitigation of transportation GHG emissions is essential. Past studies have explored the GHG emissions mitigation potential and critical material requirements of electrifying transportation in specific countries and regions, including China [22][23][24][25][26][27] , the USA 26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] , Europe 8,26,[34][35][36][37][38] , India 26,39,40 , and the world [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] , for various road transportation sectors corresponding to passenger vehicles 8,[24][25][26][27][38][39][40]44,45,50 , freight 8,25,31 , light-duty vehicles …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the efforts made to project the impacts of EV deployment, several knowledge gaps still remain. First, most studies investigated a specific transportation sector 22,[27][28][29][31][32][33]36,37,39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] or a specific category of EVs [27][28][29][31][32][33]36,37,39,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] . Lacking perspective from the full range of vehicles composing a fleet may lead to incomplete or truncated conclusions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Trade-off between critical metal requirement and transportation decarbonization in automotive electrification

2023

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Automotive electrification holds the promise of mitigating transportation-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet at the expense of growing demand for critical metals. Here, we analyze the trade-off between the decarbonization potential of the road transportation sector and its critical metal requirement from the demand-side perspective in 48 major countries committing to decarbonize their road transportation sectors aided by electric vehicles (EVs). Our results demonstrate that deploying EVs with 40–100% penetration by 2050 can increase lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese demands by 2909–7513%, 2127–5426%, 1039–2684%, and 1099–2838%, respectively, and grow platinum group metal requirement by 131–179% in the 48 investigated countries, relative to 2020. Higher EV penetration reduces GHG emissions from fuel use regardless of the transportation energy transition, while those from fuel production are more sensitive to energy-sector decarbonization and could reach nearly “net zero” by 2040.

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Saving global platinum demand while achieving carbon neutrality in the passenger transport sector: linking material flow analysis with integrated assessment model

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China

Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China

Closing the Infrastructure Gap for Decarbonization: The Case for an Integrated Mineral Supply Agreement

Trade-off between critical metal requirement and transportation decarbonization in automotive electrification

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