Saturated Solutions For the Control of Humidity in Biological Research

Winston, Paul W.; Bates, Donald H.

doi:10.2307/1931961

Cited by 1,617 publications

(808 citation statements)

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“…For tests at different temperatures, insects were held in desiccators (53% RH), which were kept in incubators. Humidity inside desiccators was maintained by using a saturated aqueous solution of MgNO 3 .6H 2 O (Winston & Bates 1960). For all assays, mortality of insects was recorded daily during 15 days after treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae Isolates to Control Triatoma infestans

Luz

Tigano²,

Silva³

et al. 1998

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae Isolates to Control Triatoma infestans

Luz

Tigano²,

Silva³

et al. 1998

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Multiwell plates were covered with fine netting, which allowed airflow while preventing mealybugs from escaping. To achieve the required RH, airtight containers with solutions of glycerol (60% RH) and KNO 3 (80% RH) were prepared (Winston & Bates, 1960). After treatment, plates with mealybugs were placed in humidity chambers and kept in a growth chamber with a day cycle starting at 228C for 14 h and 118C for 11 h. Mealybug mortality was determined after 72 h. The experiment was repeated on a separate date.…”

Section: Source Of Nematodes and Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants to improve aerial control of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes

Niekerk

Malan

2013

J. Helminthol.

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The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, is a highly destructive pest of citrus, occurring only in the aerial parts of plants. Humidity will be one of the key factors to consider when using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as biological control agents. Different adjuvants can be added to suspensions of EPNs, to improve control as a foliar application. An aqueous suspension containing Heterorhabditis zealandica and 0.3% Zeba w significantly increased P. citri mortality by 22% at 80% relative humidity (RH) with a temperature cycle starting at 228C for 14 h and 118C for 11 h. The same polymer formulation was tested for Steinernema yirgalemense and mortality of P. citri increased by 21% at 60% RH and by 27% at 80% RH. The addition of Nu-Film-P w and Zeba w to H. zealandica suspensions did not significantly retard application run-off on citrus leaves. The combination of Nu-Film-P w and Zeba w , however, was able to significantly retard sedimentation, increasing the average number of nematodes deposited on 2-cm 2 leaf discs by 10 nematodes. In an aqueous suspension, nematodes settle rapidly to the bottom, resulting in an uneven distribution of nematodes. Xanthan gum, at a concentration of 0.2%, was highly effective at retarding sedimentation, with 72% of the initial nematode number still in suspension after 1 h. Zeba w , at a concentration of 0.3%, despite not being as effective as Xanthan gum, nevertheless still retarded sedimentation significantly. This is the first report of the potential of Nu-Film-P w and Zeba w to improve EPN performance against P. citri when used above ground in citrus orchards.

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“…This created a continuous vertical substrate for movement of bees from one chamber to another. The RH gradient was generated using silica gel (24% RH) and the following set of saturated salt solutions: 33% RH, MgCl 2 ; 51% RH, Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ; 76% RH, NaCl; 97% RH, K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (Winston and Bates, 1960). Although no volatiles are expected from the salts, they were substituted by the following combination after completion of half the trials in order to prevent bias caused by preference for a particular salt: 34% RH, NaI; 51% RH, Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 ; 71% RH, NaNO 3 ; 96% RH, K 2 SO 4 .…”

Section: Hygropreference Of Workers Without Broodmentioning

confidence: 99%