Satisfaction with Surrogate Mothering

Hohman, Melinda; Hagan, Christine B.

doi:10.1300/j137v04n01_05

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Hohman and Hagan (2001), contrary to the arguments of feminists, found that the 17 surrogate mothers in their study participated in the surrogacy arrangements by choice.…”

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confidence: 66%

Transnational Cross-Racial Surrogacy

Ross-Sheriff

2012

Affilia

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The Indian movie Mala Aai Vhhaychy (''I Want to Be a Mother'' in the Marathi language), in juxtaposition with the article in this issue of Affilia by Rotabi and Bromfield entitled ''Intercountry Adoption Declines and New Practices of Global Surrogacy: Global Exploitation and Human Rights Concerns,'' bring to the surface several cultural, social, ethical, economic, and professional social work issues that I address in this editorial. The movie asks a challenging question in relation to mothering: Does the poor, rural, Gujarati (Indian) mother, who would benefit financially from surrogacy, have any claim to the child she is bearing for an American fertility-touring couple? More questions are raised with the possibility that the child may be born with a handicap, with the response of the commissioning couple, and additional more positive and negative twists in the story. Rotabi and Bromfield's article raises the ethical dilemma as well as human rights concerns arising from international surrogacy, using India as a case example. Both the movie and the article focus on gestational surrogacy by Indian women, for predominantly western couples.A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a fetus conceived by assisted reproductive processes using the sperms and/or eggs of the commissioning person or couple, where the expectation is to give up the child to the commissioning person or couple when the child is born. Two types of surrogacy are practiced. The first type is traditional surrogacy in which the birth mother is also the genetic mother, and donor sperms are used to impregnate the woman. Most surrogate mothers in the United States, prior to the late 1980s, were genetic mothers. The second type, which has increased substantially since the early 1990s, is gestational surrogacy. As of 2003, it accounted for an estimated 95% of surrogacy births (Hamilton, 2003). Gestational surrogacy involves the implantation of an embryo that has usually been created from the sperm and eggs of the commissioning parents. It also involves medical procedures and hormone injections to the surrogate mother to prepare the womb for the pregnancy. As a woman of Gujarati Indian background, I felt culturally offended by the surrogacy scenario portrayed in the film, especially with the gestational surrogacy being part of a financial transaction organized by brokers and the medical tourist industry. We Gujaratis place great significance on motherhood, and motherhood is socially venerated. The human body is sacred, and a

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“…Hohman and Hagan (2001), contrary to the arguments of feminists, found that the 17 surrogate mothers in their study participated in the surrogacy arrangements by choice.…”

contrasting

confidence: 66%

Transnational Cross-Racial Surrogacy

Ross-Sheriff

2012

Affilia

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“…The research literature primarily describes the motivations and characteristics of surrogate mothers. Many (e.g., Blyth, 1994; Ciccarelli, 1997; Hohman & Hagan, 2001; Migdal, 1989; Preisinger, 1998; Ragone, 1996; and Roher, 1988) are small sample studies of less than 30 surrogate mothers (range of 4 to 28) that primarily analyze qualitative data. A few small studies (Einwohner, 1989; Fischer & Gillman, 1991; Hanafin, 1984; Parker, 1983) assess personality characteristics of surrogate mothers using standardized personality tests.…”

Section: Studies On Psychological Aspects Of Surrogacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to popular beliefs about money as a prime motive, surrogate mothers overwhelmingly report that they choose to bear children for others primarily out of altruistic concerns (Ciccarelli, 1997; Hanafin, 1984; van den Akker, 2003). Although financial reasons may be present, only a handful of women mention money as their main motivator (e.g., Hanafin, 1984; Hohman & Hagan, 2001; Migdal, 1989; for exceptions see Einwohner, 1989, in which 40% of women state the fee was their main, although not their only, motivator and Baslington, 2002, in which 21% only mentioned money as a motivator). Rather, the women have empathy for childless couples and want to help others experience the great joy of parenthood.…”

Section: Surrogate Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Rough Waters: An Overview of Psychological Aspects of Surrogacy

Ciccarelli

Beckman

2005

Journal of Social Issues

104

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This article provides an overview of the social and psychological aspects surrounding the surrogacy process including attitudes about surrogacy, perceptions and problems of surrogate mothers and intended/social parents, and questions concerning children resulting from contractual parenting. Review of the literature on contractual parenting reveals a wealth of discussion about the ethical, moral, legal, and psychological implications, but limited empirical data on the psychological and social aspects. Future research can provide empirical evidence as a foundation for counseling at all phases of the surrogacy process.

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“…Increasingly, however, research indicates that what patients want goes beyond attention to their physical needs, and encompasses their emotional needs as well 14 15. Research concerning onshore surrogacy arrangements similarly indicates that patients expect clinics to offer a level of emotional support or counselling 16. Given the considerable desires that accompany any person's journey to becoming a parent, it is logical that intending parents would seek more from clinics than simply the provision of a child.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gay men's experiences of surrogacy clinics in India

Riggs

Due

Power

2014

J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care

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While growing numbers of Australian gay men are entering into ‘offshore’ surrogacy arrangements in order to become parents, little empirical research has been conducted with this population. This article reports on a qualitative analysis of interviews with 12 gay men who had entered into surrogacy arrangements in India. The findings outline both positive and negative experiences in terms of support pre-conception, during the birth and post-birth. Changes to legislation in India mean that gay men can no longer access surrogacy services there, but it is important to understand the experiences of men who had previously accessed those services. The article concludes by highlighting aspects of the data that demonstrate the particular experiences of gay men who undertake offshore surrogacy arrangements, especially with regard to their need for support and involvement in all aspects of the process. A more thoroughly developed network of care may help to facilitate such support and this may further increase the positive outcomes reported by gay men who form families through surrogacy arrangements.

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Satisfaction with Surrogate Mothering

Cited by 33 publications

References 7 publications

Transnational Cross-Racial Surrogacy

Transnational Cross-Racial Surrogacy

Navigating Rough Waters: An Overview of Psychological Aspects of Surrogacy

Gay men's experiences of surrogacy clinics in India

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