Satiation and re-intake after partial withdrawal of gastric food contents: A dissociation effect in external lateral parabrachial lesioned rats

Differential rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and parabrachial complex: Functional characterization and the relevance of opioid systems and dopamine

“…The effects of LPBe electrical stimulation are consistent with results obtained using natural stimuli (see Mediavilla et al (2000, 2005) for a review; Yamamoto and Sawa, 2000a, 2000b; Zafra et al, 2002, 2016). These effects may activate the same circuits as those observed with acute or chronic stress, exposure to emotionally arousing material or even drug addiction (Darcq and Kieffer, 2018; Schwabe et al, 2010).…”

“…Concurrent learning permits a rapid detection of biologically relevant substances in the upper gastrointestinal tract, allowing individuals to efficiently select food without waiting for the long-term benefits that result from its absorption (Puerto et al, 1976). Consequently, the neural pathway formed by vagal and spinal afferent fibres is essential when the task imposes important time demands and requires the rapid detection of the stimuli present in the upper gastrointestinal tract, although spinal fibres appear to be less important (Furness et al, 1999; Raybould, 2010; Zafra et al, 2016).…”

“…Alternatively, the rewarding effect of LPBe electrical stimulation may act as a substitute of visceral stimuli and/or its affective consequences (Simon et al, 2007(Simon et al, , 2008 through the reception of visceral information from the NST (De Lacalle and Saper, 2000;Fulwiler and Saper, 1984). Indeed, an intact LPBe appears to be essential for rapid adjustments in neural systems related to shortterm intake (Zafra et al, 2016) and for processing intragastrically administered rewarding nutrients (Zafra et al, 2002). As suggested by some authors, the LPBe may be part of a downstream circuit in which information on energy balance may interact with ascending visceral signals, promoting a positive affective status in calorie-depleted animals (Garfield et al, 2015).…”

Enteral Feeding: Brain-Visceral Interactions in the Processing of Nutrients

“…In fact, this visceral vagal-NSTic-LPBe information pathway also appears to participate in other physiological processes requiring the rapid transmission of nutritional information. We recently showed that both the vagus nerve [136] and SolG [137] or LPBe [138] are essential in circumstances that require the immediate adjustment of food intake, extracting part of ingested food immediately after ending a meal and finding that approximately the same amount was reingested by neurologically intact animals but a much smaller amount by lesioned animals.…”