Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

Abstract

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

Islamic Variant of Sasak: Transition and Dialectics in the Wetu Telu Community in Lombok, Indonesia

“…The beginning of the development of Islam in Lombok, according to one version, came from Java brought by the saints using the ancient Javanese language and indicated that the Hindu Javanese tradition was still visible. The arrival of Islam in Lombok is estimated to be in the 16th century after the fall of Majapahit (Tohri et al 2020(Tohri et al , 2022. In the 17th century, the Majapahit government was replaced by several small Muslim kingdoms that established trade relations along the north coast of Lombok and from Maluku, better known as the "Spice Island" (Bartholomew 2001;Telle 2009).…”

Environmental Politics: Waste, Stool, and Disciplinary Effort of the Surabaya Society, 1920s-1940s

“…Satriani et al (Satriani et al, 2018) stated that several factors, such as 1 caused the emergence of resistance movements) changes in the economy and culture of the community; 2) the existence of a new social structure; and 3) restrictions on their space and social facilities that present discrimination. Historically, the idea of resistance existed during colonialism which was presented in some literature as a people's resistance movement against the oppression of the colonialists (Masri et al, 2018;Subijanto, 2016;Tohri et al, 2020). As written by Tohri et al, (Tohri et al, 2020), people's resistance is a collective movement resulting from a sense of solidarity and idealism that focuses on actions against invaders as things that must be resisted for change.…”

“…Historically, the idea of resistance existed during colonialism which was presented in some literature as a people's resistance movement against the oppression of the colonialists (Masri et al, 2018;Subijanto, 2016;Tohri et al, 2020). As written by Tohri et al, (Tohri et al, 2020), people's resistance is a collective movement resulting from a sense of solidarity and idealism that focuses on actions against invaders as things that must be resisted for change. In this context, the people usually do some form of resistance such as (1) ridicule; (2) cooption; (3) formal social control; (4) violence and (5) silent movement (Sukmana, 2016).…”