SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐induced immune responses: Friends or foes?

Li, Keying; Hao, Zhenhua; Zhao, Xiaohui; Du, Ji-Ying; Zhou, Yanlin

doi:10.1111/sji.12895

Cited by 41 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…Positive mode chromatography was chosen to characterize the chemical constituents for more plentiful chromatographic peaks were detected in positive mode than in negative mode. According to the well-known phytochemical compounds from Indigo Naturalis, chemical name, MS 1 data, fragment of MS 2 data, retention times and m/z values of the molecular ions, 19 chemicals were identified from INAE as Table 1 and Fig. 1: 13 alkaloids, 3 nucleosides, 1 terpene, 1 amino acid and 1 original acid.…”

Section: Chemical Components Identification From Ineamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viruses infection has threatened human health. The current outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a big threat to the world [1]. The growing infection is second only to the influenza virus infection occurred in 1918, which killed more than 50 billion people worldwide, and resulted in havoc with military operations during the First World War [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beneficial effect of Indigo Naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Tian

et al. 2020

Chin Med

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Background Infections induced by influenza viruses, as well as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic induced by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to acute lung injury (ALI) and multi organ failure, during which traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) played an important role in treatment of the pandemic. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Indigo Naturalis on ALI induced by influenza A virus (IAV) in mice. Method The anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous extract of Indigo Naturalis (INAE) were evaluated in vitro. BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally with IAV (H1N1) were treated intragastrically with INAE (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg/day) 2 h later for 4 or 7 days. Animal lifespan and mortality were recorded. Expression of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were evaluated through immunohistological staining. Inflammatory cytokines were also monitored by ELISA. Result INAE inhibited virus replication on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The results showed that oral administration of 160 mg/kg of INAE significantly improved the lifespan (P < 0.01) and survival rate of IAV infected mice, improved lung injury and lowered viral replication in lung tissue (P < 0.01). Treatment with INAE (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) significantly increased liver weight and liver index (P < 0.05), as well as weight and organ index of thymus and spleen at 160 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were reduced by INAE administration (P < 0.05). The expression of HMGB-1 and TLR4 in lung tissue were also suppressed. The increased production of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and methylene dioxyamphetamine (MDA) in lung tissue were inhibited by INAE treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment with INAE reduced the high levels of interferon α (IFN-α), interferon β (IFN-β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor (RANTES), interferon induced protein-10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.05), with increased production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results showed that INAE alleviated IAV induced ALI in mice. The mechanisms of INAE were associated with its anti-influenza, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. Indigo Naturalis might have clinical potential to treat ALI induced by IAV.

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Section: Chemical Components Identification From Ineamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effect of Indigo Naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Tian

et al. 2020

Chin Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(COVID- 19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a big threat to the world [1]. The growing infection is second only to the in uenza virus infection occurred in 1918, which killed more than 50 billion people worldwide, and resulted in havoc with military operations during the First World War [2] In uenza A virus (IAV) is one of the important human pathogens worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effect of indigo naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Tian

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Infections induced by influenza viruses, as well as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic induced by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to acute lung injury (ALI) and multi organ failure, during which traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) played an important role in treatment of the pandemic. The study aimed to investigate the effect of indigo naturalis on ALI induced by influenza A virus (IAV) in mice.Method: The anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous extract of indigo naturalis (INAE) were evaluated in vitro. BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally with IAV (H1N1) were treated intragastrically with INAE (40, 80 and 160 mg·kg-1/d) 2 h later for 4 or 7 days. Animal lifespan and mortality were recorded. Expression of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were evaluated through immunohistological staining. Inflammatory cytokines were also monitored by ELISA.Result: INAE inhibited virus replication on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The results showed that oral administration of 160 mg/kg of INAE significantly improved the lifespan (P < 0.01) and survival rate of IAV infected mice, improved lung injury and lowered viral replication in lung tissue (P < 0.01). Treatment with INAE (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) significantly increased liver weight and liver index (P < 0.05), as well as weight and organ index of thymus and spleen at 160 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were reduced by INAE administration (P < 0.05). The expression of HMGB-1 and TLR4 in lung tissue were also suppressed. The increased production of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and methylene dioxyamphetamine (MDA) in lung tissue were inhibited by INAE treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment with INAE reduced the high levels of interferon α (IFN-α), interferon β (IFN-β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor (RANTES), interferon induced protein-10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.05), with increased production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The results showed that INae alleviated IAV induced ALI in mice. The effect of INAE might be related with its anti-influenza, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties, which give a hint that indigo naturalis might be effective on respiratory viruses infected acute lung injury or SAR-CoV-2 caused COVID-19.

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“…Although our understanding of the speci c innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is relatively limited, the hematological changes may re ect a homeostatic mechanism to prevent systemic over-activation of in ammation. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins interact with various pattern recognition receptors can initiate antiviral immune responses which characterized by differentiation and proliferation of various immune cells with immune mediator production and release, especially lymphocytopenia and elevated level of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IP-10 and IL-17, regulating viral replication and spreading within the host [18,19]. SARS-CoV-2 has been proven to induce remodeling of peripheral lymphocytes, and a more robust humoral immune response occurs in severe infection [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Peripheral Blood Cells in COVID-19 Patients Revealed by a Retrospective Cohort Study

Tong¹,

Cheng²,

Yuan³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Peripheral hematological changes in severe COVID-19 patients may reflect the immune reaction during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Characteristics of peripheral blood cells as early signals were needed to be investigated for clarifying its associations with the fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed and the hospitalized COVID-19 patients were recruited in wards of Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China). Characteristics of peripheral blood cells in survivors and non-survivors were analyzed. Also the comparison among patients with different level of eosinophils was performed. Results198 patients were included in this study, of whom 185 were discharged and 13 died in hospital. Compared to the survivors, counts of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were significantly decreased in non-survivors. According to the level of eosinophils, patients were divided into low EOS group (< 0.02×109/L) and normal EOS group (≥ 0.02×109/L). Patients in the low EOS group showed a significantly higher fever compared to normal EOS group. The proportion of patients in low EOS group who used glucocorticoids increased significantly than the other group. Death rate in the low EOS group was higher and no patient death in normal EOS group. Moreover, positive correlation was found between the counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils in patients with glucocorticoids use but not in patients without the treatment. Conclusions Hematological changes differed between survivors and non-survivors with COVID-19. Lymphopenia and eosinopenia could serve to predict the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Initial counts of eosinophils may guide us in usage of glucocorticoids for COVID-19 treatment.

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SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐induced immune responses: Friends or foes?

Cited by 41 publications

References 54 publications

Beneficial effect of Indigo Naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Beneficial effect of Indigo Naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Beneficial effect of indigo naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus

Characteristics of Peripheral Blood Cells in COVID-19 Patients Revealed by a Retrospective Cohort Study

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