SARS-Cov-2 Damage on the Nervous System and Mental Health

Boulkrane, Mohamed Said; Ilina, Victoria; Melchakov, Roman; Arisov, M. V.; Fedotova, Julia; Gozzo, Lucia; Drago, Filippo; Lu, Weihong; Sarapultsev, Alexey; Tseĭlikman, Vadim; Baranenko, Denis

doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210629151303

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Mental and psychological health is very important to maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) [ 9 ]. This pandemic has led to a disturbance in the homeostasis of the CNS by affecting the cytokine concentrations and may be responsible for the initiation of many neurodegenerative diseases [ 10 , 11 ]. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly responsible for preventing harmful substances from entering the CNS [ 12 – 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Paradox of COVID-19 in Neurological Complications with Emphasis on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease

Nand

Tiwari

Singh

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human coronavirus (HCoV) that has created a pandemic situation worldwide as COVID-19. This virus can invade human cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-based mechanisms, affecting the human respiratory tract. However, several reports of neurological symptoms suggest a neuroinvasive development of coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 can damage the brain via several routes, along with direct neural cell infection with the coronavirus. The chronic inflammatory reactions surge the brain with proinflammatory elements, damaging the neural cells, causing brain ischemia associated with other health issues. SARS-CoV-2 exhibited neuropsychiatric and neurological manifestations, including cognitive impairment, depression, dizziness, delirium, and disturbed sleep. These symptoms show nervous tissue damage that enhances the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders and aids dementia. SARS-CoV-2 has been seen in brain necropsy and isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients. The associated inflammatory reaction in some COVID-19 patients has increased proinflammatory cytokines, which have been investigated as a prognostic factor. Therefore, the immunogenic changes observed in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s patients include their pathogenetic role. Inflammatory events have been an important pathophysiological feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. The neuroinflammation observed in AD has exacerbated the Aβ burden and tau hyperphosphorylation. The resident microglia and other immune cells are responsible for the enhanced burden of Aβ and subsequently mediate tau phosphorylation and ultimately disease progression. Similarly, neuroinflammation also plays a key role in the progression of PD. Several studies have demonstrated an interplay between neuroinflammation and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. The dynamic proinflammation stage guides the accumulation of α-synuclein and neurodegenerative progression. Besides, few viruses may have a role as stimulators and generate a cross-autoimmune response for α-synuclein. Hence, neurological complications in patients suffering from COVID-19 cannot be ruled out. In this review article, our primary focus is on discussing the neuroinvasive effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its impact on the blood-brain barrier, and ultimately its impact on the people affected with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Paradox of COVID-19 in Neurological Complications with Emphasis on Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease

Nand

Tiwari

Singh

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…Substitutability depends on the bioequivalence of the generic with the corresponding brand-name medication. However, bioequivalence is only a surrogate for the therapeutic equivalence of two medications, and drug substitution is recognized as critical in particular situations, such for NTI drugs [ 7 , 24 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ].…”

Section: The Italian Regulation For Prescription Of Generic Drugs: St...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioequivalence, Drugs with Narrow Therapeutic Index and the Phenomenon of Biocreep: A Critical Analysis of the System for Generic Substitution

2022

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The prescription of generic drugs represents one of the main cost-containment strategies of health systems, aimed at reducing pharmaceutical expenditure. In this context, most regulatory authorities encourage or obligate dispensing generic drugs because they are far less expensive than their brand-name alternatives. However, drug substitution can be critical in particular situations, such as the use of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (NTI). Moreover, generics cannot automatically be considered bioequivalent with each other due to the biocreep phenomenon. In Italy, the regulatory authority has established the Transparency Lists which include the medications that will be automatically substituted for brand-name drugs, except in exceptional cases. This is a useful tool to guide prescribers and guarantee pharmaceutical sustainability, but it does not consider the biocreep phenomenon.

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“…Beyond SARS-CoV-2, viral infections like HIV also have the potential to adversely affect an individual’s mental health ( 4 ). In addition to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression stemming from the physical discomfort caused by the virus, viral infections and their treatment regimens can impose psychological stressors, including worries about health status and outcomes, economic burden, and potential ostracism and discrimination ( 5 ), which in turn result in hazards to viral infection itself. As such, it is imperative to prioritize the correlation between viral infections and mental health in the post-pandemic era, and to offer holistic support and resources, encompassing both physical interventions and mental health services, to facilitate the recuperation and well-being of patients.…”

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confidence: 99%