Abstract:SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared as the first emerging infectious disease of this century. It is fortunate that the culprit virus can be grown without much difficulty from a commonly used cell line, allowing an unlimited supply of isolates for further molecular studies and leading to the development of sensitive diagnostic assays. How the virus has successfully jumped the species barrier is still a mystery. The superspreading events that occurred within hospital, hotel and high-density housing… Show more
“…7,47,65e67 However, the importance of indirect contact transmission (contact transmission involving contaminated surfaces; Figure 1) in the spread of respiratory viruses, including influenza, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, compared with other transmission routes is uncertain. 6e8, 68 For contaminated surfaces to play a role in transmission, a respiratory pathogen must be shed into the environment, have the capacity to survive on surfaces, transfer to hands or other equipment at a concentration above the infectious dose, and be able to initiate infection through contact with the eyes, nose or mouth. 11 Human coronaviruses and influenza are shed in respiratory secretions.…”
Section: Importance Of Contaminated Surfaces In Transmissionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Determining which route is most important is challenging, but it seems that direct contact, indirect contact, droplet and airborne transmission do occur with both SARS-CoV and influenza viruses on occasion. 8,68 Few data are available evaluating transmission routes for coronaviruses, but the relative importance of the various routes for influenza virus has been evaluated through mathematical models, animal models, and intervention studies. 9,93,94 Several mathematical models have been applied to SARS transmission, but none has considered an environmental route.…”
Section: Importance Of Contaminated Surfaces In Transmissionmentioning
Viruses with pandemic potential including H1N1, H5N1, and H5N7 influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)/Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV) have emerged in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, suspending medium, mode of deposition, temperature and relative humidity, and the method used to determine the viability of the virus. Environmental sampling has identified contamination in field-settings with SARS-CoV and influenza virus, although the frequent use of molecular detection methods may not necessarily represent the presence of viable virus. The importance of indirect contact transmission (involving contamination of inanimate surfaces) is uncertain compared with other transmission routes, principally direct contact transmission (independent of surface contamination), droplet, and airborne routes. However, influenza virus and SARS-CoV may be shed into the environment and be transferred from environmental surfaces to hands of patients and healthcare providers. Emerging data suggest that MERS-CoV also shares these properties. Once contaminated from the environment, hands can then initiate self-inoculation of mucous membranes of the nose, eyes or mouth. Mathematical and animal models, and intervention studies suggest that contact transmission is the most important route in some scenarios. Infection prevention and control implications include the need for hand hygiene and personal protective equipment to minimize self-contamination and to protect against inoculation of mucosal surfaces and the respiratory tract, and enhanced surface cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
“…7,47,65e67 However, the importance of indirect contact transmission (contact transmission involving contaminated surfaces; Figure 1) in the spread of respiratory viruses, including influenza, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, compared with other transmission routes is uncertain. 6e8, 68 For contaminated surfaces to play a role in transmission, a respiratory pathogen must be shed into the environment, have the capacity to survive on surfaces, transfer to hands or other equipment at a concentration above the infectious dose, and be able to initiate infection through contact with the eyes, nose or mouth. 11 Human coronaviruses and influenza are shed in respiratory secretions.…”
Section: Importance Of Contaminated Surfaces In Transmissionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Determining which route is most important is challenging, but it seems that direct contact, indirect contact, droplet and airborne transmission do occur with both SARS-CoV and influenza viruses on occasion. 8,68 Few data are available evaluating transmission routes for coronaviruses, but the relative importance of the various routes for influenza virus has been evaluated through mathematical models, animal models, and intervention studies. 9,93,94 Several mathematical models have been applied to SARS transmission, but none has considered an environmental route.…”
Section: Importance Of Contaminated Surfaces In Transmissionmentioning
Viruses with pandemic potential including H1N1, H5N1, and H5N7 influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)/Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV) have emerged in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, suspending medium, mode of deposition, temperature and relative humidity, and the method used to determine the viability of the virus. Environmental sampling has identified contamination in field-settings with SARS-CoV and influenza virus, although the frequent use of molecular detection methods may not necessarily represent the presence of viable virus. The importance of indirect contact transmission (involving contamination of inanimate surfaces) is uncertain compared with other transmission routes, principally direct contact transmission (independent of surface contamination), droplet, and airborne routes. However, influenza virus and SARS-CoV may be shed into the environment and be transferred from environmental surfaces to hands of patients and healthcare providers. Emerging data suggest that MERS-CoV also shares these properties. Once contaminated from the environment, hands can then initiate self-inoculation of mucous membranes of the nose, eyes or mouth. Mathematical and animal models, and intervention studies suggest that contact transmission is the most important route in some scenarios. Infection prevention and control implications include the need for hand hygiene and personal protective equipment to minimize self-contamination and to protect against inoculation of mucosal surfaces and the respiratory tract, and enhanced surface cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
“…Erst als die virale Pathogenese rasch bestätigt werden konnte, gelang es durch stringente Anwendung und stetige Verbesserung von Infektionskontrollmaßnahmen, eine weitere Ausbreitung von SARS zu verhindern und die Krankheit schließlich zu beherrschen [65]. Trotz aller heute verfügbaren virologischen Tests sind die wichtigsten Schritte Wachsamkeit, frühzeitige Erkennung und sofortige Isolierung von Verdachtsfällen durch Mitarbeiter des Gesundheitswesens [6]. Zu berücksichtigen ist ferner, dass eine etablierte Therapie nicht zur Verfü-gung steht und eine prophylaktische Schutzimpfung noch nicht zur Anwendung beim Menschen zugelassen ist.…”
Section: Schlussfolgerungunclassified
“…Deshalb sind eine gute Vorbereitung und Planung einschließlich der Entwicklung effektiver Vakzinen und antiviraler Substanzen gegen das SARSCoV ebenso wie Krisenpläne zur Krankenhausbehandlung von Patienten erforderlich, um gegen einen erneuten Ausbruch von SARS gewappnet zu sein [57,66,67]. Die SARS-Krise hat den Gesundheitssystemen der Welt viel Erfahrung eingebracht und Lehren vermittelt, die hilfreich sein werden, wiederkehrende oder neue virale Infektionen rasch zu erkennen, einzudämmen und zu besiegen [6].…”
Section: Schlussfolgerungunclassified
“…Als Verursacher dieser Epidemie, die zur Pandemie zu werden drohte, konnte bald durch gemeinsame Forschungsarbeit unter der Führung der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) ein neues Coronavirus identifiziert werden, das SARS-Corona-Virus (SARS-CoV). SARS zeigte sich als eine lebensbedrohliche Infektionskrankheit, an der im Jahre 2003 weltweit mehr als 8 000 Menschen erkrankten, von denen mehr als 900 starben; die weltweite Letalität betrug 9,6% [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Neben dem SARS-CoV wurden in den vergangenen 3 Jahren weitere respiratorische Viren im Zusammenhang mit Pneumonien beim Menschen nachgewiesen, so das humane Metapneumovirus (hMPV), das humane Coronavirus (CoV) NL63, Bocaviren und kürzlich das Coronavirus (CoV) HKU1 [10].…”
The sudden appearance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 demonstrated to the world at large that despite the high standard of medical care in affected countries, a highly contagious emerging infectious disease could spread rapidly worldwide. By application and improvement of stringent infection control measures, a further spread of SARS could be stopped and the disease could so far be defeated. In the meantime, decisive progress in the knowledge about the structure and further characteristics of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have been made, including the likely virus reservoir and the ways of spread. Validated diagnostic tests are now available and are further being improved. Effective vaccines and antiviral agents are being developed. Of imminent importance to prepare against a resurgence of SARS, remain, besides an exact knowledge about the viral pathogen and its possible further behavior, constant vigilance, early recognition, and instant isolation of suspected cases of SARS.
ImportanceKnowledge of the longevity and breath of immune response to coronavirus infection is crucial for the development of next-generation vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectivesTo determine the profile of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among persons infected with the closely related virus, SARS-CoV-1, in 2003 (SARS03 survivors) and to characterize their antibody response soon after the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study examined SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among SARS03 survivors compared with sex- and age-matched infection-naive controls. Participants received the COVID-19 vaccines between March 1 and September 30, 2021.InterventionsOne of the 2 COVID-19 vaccines (inactivated [CoronaVac] or messenger RNA [BNT162b2]) available in Hong Kong. Two doses were given according to the recommended schedule. The vaccine type administered was known to both participants and observers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured prevaccination, 7 days after the first dose, and 14 days after the second dose.ResultsEighteen SARS03 adult survivors (15 women and 3 men; median age, 46.5 [IQR, 40.0-54.3] years) underwent prevaccination serologic examination. The vast majority retained a detectable level of antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 (16 of 18 [88.9%] with nucleocapsid protein antibodies and 17 of 18 [94.4%] with receptor-binding domain of spike protein antibodies); a substantial proportion (11 of 18 [61.1%]) had detectable cross-neutralizing antibodies. Twelve SARS03 adult survivors (10 women and 2 men) underwent postvaccination serologic examination. At 7 days after the first dose of vaccine, SARS03 survivors mounted significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared with controls (median inhibition: 89.5% [IQR, 77.1%-93.7%] vs 13.9% [IQR, 11.8%-16.1%] for BNT162b2; 64.9% [IQR, 60.8%-69.5%] vs 13.4% [IQR, 9.5%-16.8%] for CoronaVac; P < .001 for both). At 14 days after the second dose, SARS03 survivors generated a broader antibody response with significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern compared with controls (eg, median inhibition against Omicron variant, 52.1% [IQR, 35.8%-66.0%] vs 14.7% [IQR, 2.5%-20.7%]; P < .001).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this prospective cohort study suggest that infection with SARS-CoV-1 was associated with detectable levels of antibodies that cross-react and cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to a distinct clade under the same subgenus Sarbecovirus. These findings support the development of broadly protective vaccines to cover sarbecoviruses that caused 2 devastating zoonotic outbreaks in humans over the last 2 decades.
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