SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

Wit, Emmie de; Doremalen, Neeltje van; Falzarano, Darryl; Munster, Vincent J.

doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81

Cited by 3,067 publications

(3,049 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Most of the cases are connected to the Arabian Peninsula, where camels, and perhaps bats, have been identified as the natural reservoir. While animal-to-human transmission has been responsible for a majority of cases, human-to-human transmission has also been described in hospital settings and in the home, most notably in May 2015 in South Korea, where a MERS-CoV-infected individual returned from Bahrain, causing more than 170 cases by human-to-human transmission [9]. …”

Section: Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection

2017

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Coronaviruses (CoV) comprise a large group of emerging human and animal pathogens, including the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains. The molecular mechanisms regulating emerging coronavirus pathogenesis are complex and include virus–host interactions associated with entry, replication, egress and innate immune control. Epigenetics research investigates the genetic and non-genetic factors that regulate phenotypic variation, usually caused by external and environmental factors that alter host expression patterns and performance without any change in the underlying genotype. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs, function as important regulators that remodel host chromatin, altering host expression patterns and networks in a highly flexible manner. For most of the past two and a half decades, research has focused on the molecular mechanisms by which RNA viruses antagonize the signaling and sensing components that regulate induction of the host innate immune and antiviral defense programs upon infection. More recently, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that viruses, even lytic RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, have developed intricate, highly evolved, and well-coordinated processes that are designed to regulate the host epigenome, and control host innate immune antiviral defense processes, thereby promoting robust virus replication and pathogenesis. In this article, we discuss the strategies that are used to evaluate the mechanisms by which viruses regulate the host epigenome, especially focusing on highly pathogenic respiratory RNA virus infections as a model. By combining measures of epigenome reorganization with RNA and proteomic datasets, we articulate a spatial-temporal data integration approach to identify regulatory genomic clusters and regions that play a crucial role in the host’s innate immune response, thereby defining a new viral antagonism mechanism following emerging coronavirus infection.

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Section: Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although asymptomatic infections were rare during the SARS-CoV epidemic, MERS-CoV infections frequently result in asymptomatic infections leading to asymptomatic spread. In general, the molecular mechanisms governing virus pathogenesis and disease severity remain understudied and vaccines and therapeutics are still not available [9,10]. …”

Section: Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection

2017

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“…However, reported SARS cases have ceased since 2004 as the spread of infection has subsided (43). More recently, the second novel coronavirus, MERS-CoV, led to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (44). Clinical symptoms range from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonia and ARDS, septic shock, and multi-organ failure (45) and carry an estimated mortality of 40% (46).…”

Section: Other Viruses Leading To Ardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2016

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Viral infections are an important cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Numerous viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A (H1N1) virus, have been implicated in the progression of pneumonia to ARDS; yet the incidence of progression is unknown. Despite acute and chronic morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections, particularly in “at risk” populations, treatment options are limited. Thus, with few exceptions, care is symptomatic. In addition, mortality rates for viral-related ARDS have yet to be determined. This review outlines what is known about ARDS secondary to viral infections including the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, and diagnosis. In addition, emerging treatment options to prevent infection, and to decrease disease burden will be outlined. We focused on RSV and influenza A (H1N1) viral-induced ARDS, as these are the most common viruses leading to pediatric ARDS, and have specific prophylactic and definitive treatment options.

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“…This RNA encodes two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, and four structural proteins including spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Pp1a and pp1ab are proteolytically cleaved into 16 non-structural proteins (nsps) that form the viral replicase–transcriptase complex (reviewed in [189]). …”

Section: Aptamers For Virus Diagnosis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Aptamers as Diagnostics Tools and Antiviral Agents for Human Viruses

González

Martı́n

Fernández³

et al. 2016

Pharmaceuticals

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Appropriate diagnosis is the key factor for treatment of viral diseases. Time is the most important factor in rapidly developing and epidemiologically dangerous diseases, such as influenza, Ebola and SARS. Chronic viral diseases such as HIV-1 or HCV are asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic and the therapeutic success mainly depends on early detection of the infective agent. Over the last years, aptamer technology has been used in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and, concretely, several strategies are currently being explored using aptamers against virus proteins. From a diagnostics point of view, aptamers are being designed as a bio-recognition element in diagnostic systems to detect viral proteins either in the blood (serum or plasma) or into infected cells. Another potential use of aptamers is for therapeutics of viral infections, interfering in the interaction between the virus and the host using aptamers targeting host-cell matrix receptors, or attacking the virus intracellularly, targeting proteins implicated in the viral replication cycle. In this paper, we review how aptamers working against viral proteins are discovered, with a focus on recent advances that improve the aptamers’ properties as a real tool for viral infection detection and treatment.

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SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses

Cited by 3,067 publications

References 156 publications

Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection

Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection

Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Use of Aptamers as Diagnostics Tools and Antiviral Agents for Human Viruses

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