We report the genome sequence of melon, an important horticultural crop worldwide. We assembled 375 Mb of the double-haploid line DHL92, representing 83.3% of the estimated melon genome. We predicted 27,427 protein-coding genes, which we analyzed by reconstructing 22,218 phylogenetic trees, allowing mapping of the orthology and paralogy relationships of sequenced plant genomes. We observed the absence of recent whole-genome duplications in the melon lineage since the ancient eudicot triplication, and our data suggest that transposon amplification may in part explain the increased size of the melon genome compared with the close relative cucumber. A low number of nucleotide-binding site-leucinerich repeat disease resistance genes were annotated, suggesting the existence of specific defense mechanisms in this species. The DHL92 genome was compared with that of its parental lines allowing the quantification of sequence variability in the species. The use of the genome sequence in future investigations will facilitate the understanding of evolution of cucurbits and the improvement of breeding strategies.de novo genome sequence | phylome M elon (Cucumis melo L.) is a eudicot diploid plant species (2n = 2x = 24) of interest for its specific biological properties and for its economic importance. It belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, which also includes cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum.
It is generally accepted that DNA damage and subsequent induction of apoptosis may be the primary cytotoxic mechanism of cisplatin and other DNA-binding antitumor drugs (Fisher,1994). Because the final step of apoptosis is characterized by morphological changes in the nucleus, the death signals of the execution phase must be transmitted from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, the recognition and processing of cisplatin-induced DNA damage through"classic" apoptosis, requires that a nuclear signal, generated at the initiation phase, be transmitted to the cytoplasm to be processed through the effector and execution phases. At the end of the execution phase, the apoptotic signal must come back to the nucleus to produce internucleosomal DNA degradation. Therefore, the induction of apoptosis from detection and subsequent processing of cisplatin-induced DNA damage seems to be a long and complex process of cell death. However, because cisplatin is a nonspecific drug and reacts not only with DNA but also with proteins,we cannot rule out the possibility that in some cases of cisplatin-induced apoptosis, an easier process of initiation, such as damage to cytoplasmic proteins, may take place (Pérez, 1998). Thus, damage to proteins is worth considering as a factor contributing to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it is possible that cisplatin damage to proteins could induce apoptosis at the execution phase level. In fact, initiation of apoptosis at the execution phase (activation of caspases) has been previously reported for the cell killing produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Golstein et al., 1991). Although apoptosis and necrosis are conceptually distinct forms of cell death with very different morphological and biochemical characteristics, these two types of demise may occur simultaneously in tissues or cell cultures exposed to the same insult (Eguchi et al., 1997, Zhan et al., 1999). In fact, both types of cell death have been found in the same population of cisplatin-treated cells (Pestell et al., 2000). Moreover, it has been hypothesized that in a tissue or cell population,apoptosis and necrosis might be two extremes of a continuum of possible types of cell demise. Individual cell death would be decided by factors such as the availability of energy and the metabolic condition of the cell (Leist et al., 1997). Thus, some cells might die as a result of an unfinished apoptotic program. In fact, in L1210 leukemic cells, cisplatin-induced cell death seems to be the result of a defective apoptotic program that lacks some morphological and biochemical characteristics attributed to apoptosis (Segal-Bendirdjian and Jacquemin-Sablon, 1995). In addition, at high doses, cisplatin could damage molecules involved in cellular energy supply (i.e., ATP) and also proteins directly or indirectly involved in the apoptotic process (i.e., p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases), leading to necrotic cell death. In fact, in cisplatin-resistant keratinocytes transformed by H-ras oncogene, a high dose of cisplatin (312 microM) induces characterist...
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