Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise

Intensity of resistance training via self-reported history is critical in properly characterizing musculoskeletal health

“…Conversely, hypertrophy can be seen across a spectrum of intensities. Through the adult lifespan, a spectrum of intensities will produce significant increases in muscular size in novice lifters, though moderate intensities (70–85% of RM) are recommended for experienced lifters [ 30 , 35 ]. As with strength, the present study reports superior ABFLM with the HIRT group although both resistance training groups were associated with higher ABFLM that the NRT group.…”

“…Furthermore, low-intensity (< 50% of one-repetition maximum or 1RM) appears to provide adequate stimulus for strength development in novice lifters while high-intensity (> 80% of 1RM) appear more effective with experienced lifters [ 25 , 30 , 34 ]. Conversely, while hypertrophy can be seen across a spectrum of intensities in novice lifters, moderate to low intensities (70–85% of RM) are recommended for muscular hypertrophy among experienced lifters [ 30 , 35 ]. The summary of these findings is that intensity of resistance training critically influences expected differential muscular and bone outcomes related to the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.…”

Long-Term Recreational Football Training and Health in Aging

“…In particular, the effects induced by long-term recreational football training on cardiovascular, metabolic and musculo-skeletal fitness, together with the modifications in the muscle expression of hallmarks related to oxidative metabolism, DNA repair and senescence suppression pathways and protein quality control mechanisms will be provided. All these topics will be debated also in terms of preventing non-communicable metabolic diseases, in order to achieve successful aging over time.Musculo-skeletal functional decline occurring in older subjects, also called sarcopenia, is characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, leading to impaired performance [8]. In particular, during the aging process, a progressive decrease (up to 30-40%) in the number of muscle fibers is observed [9].…”

“…The muscle fiber composition is also affected during aging, with a relative decrease in type2 and increase in type1 fiber numbers [10]. In addition, a remodeling of the motor units occurs during aging, resulting in reduced force-generating capacity of skeletal muscle [8,11]. Further, sarcopenia is associated with impairment of the mitochondrial function: reactive oxygen species (ROS), strongly increased in the muscle cells of older subjects, lead to an increased number of mutations in mitochondrial DNA, resulting in reduced oxidative capacity [12].…”

“…Musculo-skeletal functional decline occurring in older subjects, also called sarcopenia, is characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, leading to impaired performance [8]. In particular, during the aging process, a progressive decrease (up to 30-40%) in the number of muscle fibers is observed [9].…”