Sapropel – Mining Characteristics and Potential Use in Medicine

Abstract

Found in lakes, freshwater sapropel is a sediment with a fine structure containing more than 10% of organic matter as well as residues of aquatic organisms with a small content of inorganic components of biogenic origin and mixture of mineral ingredients. The mud was first used in medicine by ancient Greeks, and it gained more popularity together with development of balneology in Europe in the 19th century as a remedy for several diseases. The last century also brought wider popularity in its cosmetic use. Despite its wide usage, mechanisms behind its effects are not so clear yet. Broad but fragmented studies on the effects of sapropel are available, but few have used modern research methods. There is evidence suggesting that its positive health effects are linked to its thermal capacity, ability of penetration in tissues and biological activity of its components, e.g., humic substances. Evidence also suggests antimicrobial activity and positive effects on skin regeneration. This review aims at summarising available knowledge on the structure and composition of sapropel and its effects on the human body, as well as its potential for further evidence-based use in medicine and cosmetics.

Assessment of the inclusion of a feed additive of sodium humate derived from freshwater sapropel in diets for broiler chickens

“…Sapropel, depending on the depth, has different agrochemical and physical properties [59]. Therefore, several research studies have tested the possibilities of supplementing complex poultry feed with organic sapropel to increase feed absorption efficiency and develop natural, safe and locally-sourced feed for young poultry [28,29,38,60,61]. Diets for broiler chickens should aim to achieve a leaner carcass, reducing the feed conversion ratio, and increasing weight gain.…”

“…In some cases, sapropel contains up to 50%-60% organic matter and up to 30%-50% mineral matter [28]. Furthermore, economic growth requires wider use of local resources; therefore, effective use of materials available in nature is a worldwide priority [29]. One use of sapropel is to derive extracts from it, mostly from the humic substances contained in it, as their use in diets for farm animal's increases weight gain, improves blood hematological parameters, and strengthens the immune system of the animals [30].…”

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Freshwater Sapropel Extracts: In Vitro Analysis and Antioxidant Profiling for Skincare Applications

“…Sapropel has been used in resorts with mineral springs, in facilities devoted to relaxation and health (spas), and in aesthetic medicine; its usage has grown due to an increased interest in natural remedies [4]. During sapropel application in balneotherapy, some chemicals penetrate the skin [5].…”

“…During sapropel application in balneotherapy, some chemicals penetrate the skin [5]. Sapropel sediments have an antioxidant effect that smooths wrinkles, prevents new wrinkles, and smooths the skin structure, as well as removing swelling and strengthening nails and hair [4,5]. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of sapropel helps to maintain the cellular structure of the skin [6,7] and restore immunity and helps with acne, rashes, and dermatitis [8,9].…”

The Effect of Sodium Humate Feed Additives in Diets for Holstein Breed Heifers

“…As most of the scientists have focused their research on the chemical composition of sapropel, there are relatively few research studies on the uses of sapropel and its biologically active principles in the economy. In Latvia, several research studies have been conducted on the use of sapropel in construction [35,40,41], on producing sapropel extract and its use in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations [42], and on the use of sapropel in soil fertilization and improvement [26,43]. However, only two research studies, published in 2001, have been conducted on the use of sapropel in livestock farming, and they concern the consumption of sapropel additives by poultry and pigs [44,45].…”