Sandfly and Leishmaniasis: A Review

Ghazanfar, Mobeen; Malik, Muhammad Faheem

doi:10.4172/2157-7625.1000207

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, travelling spread leishmaniasis in people which are living in non-endemic areas. 36 In general, this study indicated the transmission hotspot districts in Wag Hemra zone, Northeast Ethiopia over time from 2016 to 2020. Mapping of CL risk areas could be useful to identify priority regions or areas to establish CL diagnostic and treatment services, to conduct clinical trials and take prevention and control measures in these areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients attending at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia: A five-year trend analysis (2016–2020)

2022

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Objective: This study was designed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients attending at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia over the last 5 years. Methods: A 5-year retrospective study was conducted at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Data were summarized and analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26 version software, respectively. To present the data and evaluate the patterns in cutaneous leishmaniasis cases across the 5 years, months, and seasons, descriptive statistics were utilized. In multivariable logistic regression analysis of determinants in relation to cutaneous leishmaniasis positivity, p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: The overall positivity rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 31.1% (452 out of 1455) over the last 5 years at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital. The result showed a fluctuating yet declining trend in cutaneous leishmaniasis infections. The highest number of cases was registered in 2016, while the lowest was in 2020. Males and the age group of 15–49 years, accounted 78.5% and 79.9% of the patients, respectively, were the hardest hit by cutaneous leishmaniasis in the area. Similarly, the highest number of cases was observed in Dehana district (268). From all registered confirmed cases, 54 (10.7%) were previously treated cases. Moreover, the majority of cases, 423 (93.6%) were localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and most of the lesions were on the face. Conclusion: Although the results indicate a fluctuating yet declining trend, the positivity rate of confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the area remains alarming and indicates a major public health burden. Therefore, efforts are required to reduce the disease burden through continuous monitoring and evaluation of control measures in the study area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients attending at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia: A five-year trend analysis (2016–2020)

2022

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“…Our results support these findings as our model shows that sandflies that occupy areas with lower human modification and higher land integrity are more likely to be vectors. Since the opposite is true for the effect of human modification on reservoir host communities, this may indicate that the highest risk of Leishmania spillover lies at the interface between human modification and intact forests [95]. Indeed, synanthropic sandfly species that live in domestic habitats, but are associated with higher-integrity land cover, were more likely to be vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-driven predictions of potential Leishmania vectors in the Americas

Vadmal¹,

Glidden²,

Han³

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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The incidence of vector-borne diseases is rising as deforestation, climate change, and globalization bring humans in contact with arthropods that can transmit pathogens. In particular, incidence of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL), a disease caused by parasites transmitted by sandflies, is increasing as previously intact habitats are cleared for agriculture and urban areas, potentially bringing people into contact with vectors and reservoir hosts. Previous evidence has identified dozens of sandfly species that have been infected with and/or transmit Leishmania parasites. However, there is an incomplete understanding of which sandfly species transmit the parasite, complicating efforts to limit disease spread. Here, we apply machine learning models (boosted regression trees) to leverage biological and geographical traits of known sandfly vectors to predict potential vectors. Additionally, we generate trait profiles of confirmed vectors and identify important factors in transmission. Our model performed well with an average out of sample accuracy of 86%. The models predict that synanthropic sandflies living in areas with greater canopy height, less human modification, and within an optimal range of rainfall are more likely to be Leishmania vectors. We also observed that generalist sandflies that are able to inhabit many different ecoregions are more likely to transmit the parasites. Our results suggest that Psychodopygus amazonensis and Nyssomia antunesi are unidentified potential vectors, and should be the focus of sampling and research efforts. Overall, we found that our machine learning approach provides valuable information for Leishmania surveillance and management in an otherwise complex and data sparse system.

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“…The Leishmaniases are caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania and are transmitted via the bite of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Clinical forms range from self-healing but disfiguring cutaneous (CL) and mucocutaneous forms (MCL) [1][2][3] to potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL) [2], which can also lead to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in some instances following treatment [4]. No vaccine against human leishmaniasis exists [5], and patient management relies on chemotherapy, which is currently unsatisfactory for reasons including cost, toxicity [6,7], duration and mode of administration and drug resistance [1,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana: Alterations to sterol metabolism and oxidative stress response

Alpizar-Sosa

Ithnin²,

Wei³

et al. 2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Amphotericin B is increasingly used in treatment of leishmaniasis. Here, fourteen independent lines of Leishmania mexicana and one L. infantum line were selected for resistance to either amphotericin B or the related polyene antimicrobial, nystatin. Sterol profiling revealed that, in each resistant line, the predominant wild-type sterol, ergosta-5,7,24-trienol, was replaced by other sterol intermediates. Broadly, two different profiles emerged among the resistant lines. Whole genome sequencing then showed that these distinct profiles were due either to mutations in the sterol methyl transferase (C24SMT) gene locus or the sterol C5 desaturase (C5DS) gene. In three lines an additional deletion of the miltefosine transporter gene was found. Differences in sensitivity to amphotericin B were apparent, depending on whether cells were grown in HOMEM, supplemented with foetal bovine serum, or a serum free defined medium (DM). Metabolomic analysis after exposure to AmB showed that a large increase in glucose flux via the pentose phosphate pathway preceded cell death in cells sustained in HOMEM but not DM, indicating the oxidative stress was more significantly induced under HOMEM conditions. Several of the lines were tested for their ability to infect macrophages and replicate as amastigote forms, alongside their ability to establish infections in mice. While several AmB resistant lines showed reduced virulence, at least two lines displayed heightened virulence in mice whilst retaining its resistance phenotype, emphasising the risks of resistance emerging to this critical drug.

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Sandfly and Leishmaniasis: A Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients attending at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia: A five-year trend analysis (2016–2020)

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients attending at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Sekota, Northeast Ethiopia: A five-year trend analysis (2016–2020)

Data-driven predictions of potential Leishmania vectors in the Americas

Amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana: Alterations to sterol metabolism and oxidative stress response

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