This study was conducted at Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2016-2017 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding water pollution and human health was obtained and compiled through a thorough review of various published research articles of international reputed journal and relevant books. Water covers about 70% Earth's surface. Safe drinking water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne. Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth, excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals have different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic and agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating. AbstractWater pollution and human health.

The data for the two decades, DNA Extraction from Insects by Using Different Techniques was compiled through a thorough review of many research articles published in various journals of international repute. Insects are very important economically and ecologically for human due to their various roles, as pests, decomposer in nutrition cycle, vector for the transmission of certain diseases and a source of medically and economically important products. To identify insect, and for research on their role, different molecular techniques are used. For each molecular technique, high quality DNA is required, which is extracted from the insects by different techniques. The selection of DNA extraction technique is depended upon specimen under study, time required for extraction, economical stander of technique due to reagents and equipment used for extraction and most importantly extracted DNA quality. In this paper, most frequently used techniques for DNA extraction from insect with different size and condition are outlined. This paper is only a guide for these techniques and we describe them briefly.

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The Indian Red Jungle Fowl is a wild native gallus subspecies of Southern Asia. Semen has never been studied in this species. In order to better know the male reproductive capacities, experiments were conducted to study the semen characteristics, impact of ejaculate collection frequencies, and timing of collection on sperm quality parameters. Mean sperm concentration 800 million/mL, total sperm per ejaculate (0.015 billion), motility (63.5 %), live/total sperm (92.4 %), intact acrosome (75.5 %), and plasma membrane integrity (89.2 %) were recorded. Percentage of abnormal sperm (head, mid-piece, and tail) was 8.1 % and recovered mainly mid-piece abnormalities. The motile sperm percentage was positively correlated with intact acrosomes (r=0.34) and plasma membrane integrity (r=0.41). Total sperm per ejaculate (billion) was maximum at 72 h of collection followed by 24 and 48 h of collection. Daily and weekly sperm production (billion) was found maximum at 24 h of collection compared to 12, 48, and 72 h of collection. Sperm motility was higher at 24, 48, and 72 h of collection compared to 12 h of collection, but the number of live sperm were higher at 12 h of collection compared to 24, 48, and 72 h. Sperm concentration was better in the morning time, while the values for sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity were higher in the semen collected at evening time. In conclusion, the Indian Red Jungle Fowl shows a semen production quantitatively relatively low for the species as compared to domestic chicken and contrasted parameters of quality. The semen production is affected by the frequency of collection with an optimum for a daily collection preferentially held in the evening period. These results may now be used for artificial insemination and conservation program.

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