Sand rate model and data processing method for non-intrusive ultrasonic sand monitoring in flow pipeline

Improving sand flow rate measurement of commercial ASDs and comparison with ultrasonic spectral analysis and filtering

“…Relationship 5 in Table 1 is similar to the relationship proposed by Gao et al [16 ], but in this relationship, instead of considering the fixed exponent of two for fluid velocity (as proposed by Gao), a parametric exponent is considered for the fluid velocity. Gao assumes that the velocity of the sand particles reaches the fluid velocity and therefore considered that the kinematic energy of each sand particle has a relationship with the squared velocity of the fluid.…”

“…Gao et al [16 ] has suggested the linear relationship (2 ) between the sand flow rate and acoustic signal in which the square of the fluid velocity is used for calculating the sand flow rate. Gao et al created an air–liquid–sand mixture in which fluid moved with a velocity of 5.5 to 8.5 m 3 /h.…”

Flow noise identification using acoustic emission (AE) energy decomposition for sand monitoring in flow pipeline

“…This type of device can be inefficient as they are not robust and need replaced after establishing the sand presence. Although such methods provide a reasonable assessment of the cumulative sand production, they are not effective in providing the real time or instantaneous indication of sand production [4]. Therefore, there is a need for a non-intrusive, fast, easily and cheaply maintained technique that can monitor large structures or pipelines from a single sensor location.…”

“…This method was implemented in this work. Gao et al [4] mounted an acoustic sensor on the external surface of a bend in a 1 inch diameter pipe in a multiphase flow loop and varied flow speed between 5 to 9.5 ms -1 and used fine sand of 100 µm size at 1wt.% concentration. Using a combination of hard band-pass filtering for the analog signal and a wavelet threshold de-noising algorithm for the digital signal, they were able to filter out the noise from other sources in the signal and improve signal to noise ratio for sand signals about 30%.…”

Development of Contactless Sand Production Test Instrument

“…Some petroleum instrument development companies have developed the multiphase fluid sand monitoring system. For example, the Danish Clampon company developed sand monitoring system DSP-06, which is developed based on the "Clamp smart ultrasonic sensor" technology [2], but the measurement accuracy cannot meet the field measurement requirements. The main reasons are as follows: There didn't have a mature sand production monitoring model, the most system uses the sand production model described previously, which gives a sand production calculation model [3].…”