Sampling of Vehicle Emissions for Chemical Analysis and Biological Testing

Schuetzle, Dennis

doi:10.2307/3429500

Cited by 118 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…compounds such as oxygenated aromatics elute (Strandell et al 1994). PAHs, aromatic amines, and nitroarenes can elute in the hexane/DCM and DCM fractions (Hayakawa et al 1997;Schuetzle 1983). Hayakawa et al (1997) showed that as much as 53% of the mutagenicity of the DCM fraction of DEPs was due to nitroarenes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical composition of DEPs is influenced by the age and type of engine, fuel composition, load characteristics, lube oil components, presence and efficiency of control devices, and sampling procedures (Claxton 1983;Mauderly 2001;Rosenkranz 1996;Schuetzle 1983). Given that these factors vary for the SRM and A-DEP samples, we reasoned that the biologic activities of these DEPs were likely to be different.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

DeMarini

Brooks

Warren

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

118

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Many pulmonary toxicity studies of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have used an automobile-generated sample (A-DEPs) whose mutagenicity has not been reported. In contrast, many mutagenicity studies of DEPs have used a forklift-generated sample (SRM 2975) that has been evaluated in only a few pulmonary toxicity studies. Therefore, we evaluated the mutagenicity of both DEPs in Salmonella coupled to a bioassay-directed fractionation. The percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) was 26.3% for A-DEPs and 2% for SRM 2975. Most of the A-EOM (~55%) eluted in the hexane fraction, reflecting the presence of alkanes and alkenes, typical of uncombusted fuel. In contrast, most of the SRM 2975 EOM (~58%) eluted in the polar methanol fraction, indicative of oxygenated and/or nitrated organics derived from combustion. Most of the direct-acting, base-substitution activity of the A-EOM eluted in the hexane/dichloromethane (DCM) fraction, but this activity eluted in the polar methanol fraction for the SRM 2975 EOM. The direct-acting frameshift mutagenicity eluted across fractions of A-EOM, whereas > 80% eluted only in the DCM fraction of SRM 2975 EOM. The A-DEPs were more mutagenic than SRM 2975 per mass of particle, having 227 times more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-type and 8-45 more nitroarene-type mutagenic activity. These differences were associated with the different conditions under which the two DEP samples were generated and collected. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the health effects of DEPs requires the evaluation of DEP standards for a variety of end points, and our results highlight the need for multidisciplinary studies on a variety of representative samples of DEPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

DeMarini

Brooks

Warren

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

118

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“…Diesel exhaust is believed to consist of thousands of organic constituents and is a major cause of urban pollution (Bayona et al 1988;Draper 1986;Erdinger et al 2005;Mestres 2005;Morville 2006;Ona 2006;Schuetzle 1983;Schuetzle & Lewtas 1986;Seidel et al 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al 1996;Miyabara et al 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al 2001Tsukue et al , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Seki

Noya

Mikami

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Goal, Scope, and Background We recently developed a new isolation method for diesel exhaust particles (DEP), involving successive extraction with H 2 O, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide, in which the sodium hydroxide extract was found to consist of phenolic components. Analysis of the extract revealed that vasodilative active nitrophenols are in DEP in significantly higher concentration than those estimated by an earlier method involving a combination of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography. These findings indicated that our new procedure offers a simple, efficient and reliable method for the isolation and identification of bioactive substances in DEP. This encouraged us to extend our work to investigating new vasodilatory substances in the sodium bicarbonate extract. Materials and Methods DEP were collected from the exhaust of a 4JB1-type engine (ISUZU Automobile Co., Tokyo, Japan). GC-MS analysis was performed with a GCMS-QP2010 instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).Results DEP dissolved in 1-butanol was successively extracted with water, sodium bicarbonate, and then aqueous sodium hydroxide. The sodium bicarbonate extract was neutralized and the resulting mixture of acidic components was subjected to reverse-phase (RP) column chromatography followed by RP-HPLC with fractions assayed for vasodilative activity. This led to the identification of telephthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenol, and 1,4,5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid as components of DEP. DiscussionThe sodium bicarbonate extract was rich in the acidic components. Repeated reverse-phase chromatography resulted in the successful isolation of several acidic substances including the new vasodilative materials, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid. Seidel et al. 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al. 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al. 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al. 1996;Miyabara et al. 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al. 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al. 2001Tsukue et al. , 2002. While these studies have furnished epidemiologically important results, they have been done without knowledge of the bioactive entities in DEP, making it difficult to estimate the effect of individual components on human health. In our earlier studies on the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds contained in DEP, we have isolated aromatic substances including nitrophenols (Mori et al. 2003a;Taneda et al. 2004a) that showed strong vasodilatory activity by a method involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatography. This multi-step isolation procedure, however, resulted in poor fractionation with impaired accuracy and reproducibility. Therefore, it was crucial to develop a more efficient and ...

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“…clear aromatic hydrocarbons have produced widely varying results (Cautreels and Van Cauwenberghe, 1978;Thrane and Mikalsen, 1981;Dash and Guldberg, 1983;Schuetzle, 1983), owing at least partly to substantial differences in the temperature and vapor pressure history of the source samples taken during different studies. The temperature dependence of the ratio between vapor phase and particulate organics is pronounced even for moderate changes in temperature (Yamasaki et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these organic compounds are known to be carcinogenic (IARC, 1980;Natusch, 1978) or mutagenic (Pitts, 1983;Schuetzle, 1983), but little is known about the contribution of specific emission sources to the ambient organic aerosol concentrations (Daisey et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dilution Stack Sampler for Collection of Organic Aerosol Emissions: Design, Characterization and Field Tests

Hildemann

Cass

Markowski

1989

Aerosol Science and Technology

221

188

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A dilution stack sampler specifically intended to collect particulate matter. The special features of this sampler fine organic aerosol from combustion sources while miniare described in detail, and compared with other stack mizing sample contamination has been designed and sampling systems. The results of both laboratory and tested. The sampler simulates the cooling and dilution field tests of the system are discussed. Collection of processes that occur in the plume downwind of a comorganic aerosol using this sampler is compared with bustion source, so that the organic compounds which collection using EPA Method 5. condense under ambient conditions will be collected as

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Sampling of Vehicle Emissions for Chemical Analysis and Biological Testing

Cited by 118 publications

References 18 publications

Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

A Dilution Stack Sampler for Collection of Organic Aerosol Emissions: Design, Characterization and Field Tests

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