Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

DeMarini, David M.; Brooks, Lance R.; Warren, Sarah H.; Kobayashi, Takahiro; Gilmour, M. Ian; Singh, Phirtu

doi:10.1289/ehp.6578

Cited by 118 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…By examining the biological responses of the different fractions of both diesel PM extracts and biodiesel PM extracts it may be possible to identify the emission source components responsible for biological effects, in much the same way bioassay-directed chemical analysis has been used in other environmental research [30,[33][34][35][36], with possible use of the empirical data in predictive modeling. Incorporating testing of biodiesel emissions may assist in identifying the similarities and differences in the health responses (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Release of the Pro-Inflammatory Markers by BEAS-2B Cells Following In Vitro Exposure to Biodiesel Extracts

Swanson¹,

Kado²,

Funk³

et al. 2009

TOTOXIJ

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Biodiesel, an alkyl ester of plant oils that can be used in an unmodified diesel engine, is the first renewable diesel fuel alternative to become a commercially accepted part of our nation's energy infrastructure. For traditional diesel fuel exhaust, it has been demonstrated that the particulate matter (PM) organic components play a role in acute inflammatory reactions. However, there have been only a few cytotoxicity and mutagenicity studies on biodiesel emissions. In this study, BEAS-2B cells, a transformed human airway epithelial cell line, were exposed in vitro to the PM organic extracts from Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1975, soy ethyl ester (SEE), soy methyl ester (SME), and petroleum diesel for 24 hours. This study demonstrated that the organic extracts of biodiesel PM in an aqueous solution can increase the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 by respiratory epithelial cells. On a microgram PM equivalent per ml (μg PM eq/ml) basis, exposure to biodiesel extracts was associated with a greater release of IL-8 and IL-6 relative to organic extracts of two diesel PM samples. The dose range tested was not cytotoxic. It was also noted that the solvent exchange method, which was used to prepare the aqueous exposure doses, may not be appropriate for the investigation of biodiesel extracts, though it has been used extensively in petroleum diesel research. A valuable new finding from these experiments is that the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of biodiesel PM begins to elicit a cytokine response in BEAS-2B cells at an exposure lower than petroleum diesel PM extract (approximately 40 μg PM eq/ml). However, more research is required to better characterize the potency of the organic fraction of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mutagencity, lung toxicity, etc.) relative to composition [34]. This information would be valuable to vehicle manufacturers so they can make improvements to fuel injector systems or exhaust gas post-treatment technologies [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of the Pro-Inflammatory Markers by BEAS-2B Cells Following In Vitro Exposure to Biodiesel Extracts

Swanson¹,

Kado²,

Funk³

et al. 2009

TOTOXIJ

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show abstract

“…While TEQ BaP is directly associated with carcinogenicity, MEQ BaP (mutagenic activity) may not be directly associated with cancer (Zeiger, 1998(Zeiger, , 2001Essumang et al, 2013) and may have implications for other non-cancerous adverse health effects like pulmonary diseases, birth defects, impotency, low intelligent quotient, etc. (DeMarini et al, 2004;Essumang et al, 2013). From the result in Table 6, the TEQ for the seven USEPA priority carcinogens were 0.040 and 0.028 for catfish and solefish smoked traditionally.…”

Section: Cancer and Non-cancer Risk Assessment Of Pahs In Smoked Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of fish smoking methods on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and possible risks to human health

Yusuf¹,

Ezechukwu²,

Fakoya³

et al. 2015

Afr. J. Food Sci.

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) for potential cancer risk. Mean hazard indexes were below 1 (below an acceptable cumulative threshold) ranging from 1.43 x 10 -6 -9.96 x 10 -8 . A significantly high accumulation of PAHs was found in the smoked fish as compared to the non-smoked fish control samples. This study indicates that there is no adverse health effect of PAHs content on consumers of smoked fish species but levels of PAHs present in smoked catfish/solefish prepared using traditional methods may pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high consumption rates over many years.

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“…[6,7] Several studies have indicated that the organic fraction of combustion PM is responsible for the toxicological effects. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] We recently compared the potency of native DEPs, their corresponding methanol extracts and residual particles to induce expression of multiple pro-inflammatory linked genes in human bronchial epithelial cells. The extractable fraction, as opposed to the particle core, seemed to be responsible for the particle-induced cell death as well as the expression and release of pro-inflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives and the proinflammatory potential of fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles

Totlandsdal

Øvrevik

Cochran

et al. 2013

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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Exposure to combustion emissions, including diesel engine exhaust and wood smoke particles (DEPs and WSPs), has been associated with inflammatory responses. To investigate the possible role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-derivatives, the DEPs and WSPs methanol extracts were fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE), and the fractions were analyzed for more than ∼120 compounds. The pro-inflammatory effects of the fractionated extracts were characterized by exposure of bronchial epithelial lung cells (BEAS-2B). Both native DEPs and WSPs caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release and cytotoxicity. This is consistent with the finding of a rather similar total content of PAHs and PAH-derivatives. Yet, the samples differed in specific components, suggesting that different species contribute to the toxicological response in these two types of particles. The majority of the IL-6 release and cytotoxicity was induced upon exposure to the most polar (methanol) SPE fraction of extracts from both samples. In these fractions hydroxy-PAHs, carboxy-PAHs were observed along with nitro-amino-PAHs in DEP. However, the biological effects induced by the polar fractions could not be attributed only to the occurrence of PAH-derivatives. The present findings indicate a need for further characterization of organic extracts, beyond an extensive analysis of commonly suspected PAH and PAH-derivatives.

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Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles.

Cited by 118 publications

References 55 publications

Release of the Pro-Inflammatory Markers by BEAS-2B Cells Following In Vitro Exposure to Biodiesel Extracts

Release of the Pro-Inflammatory Markers by BEAS-2B Cells Following In Vitro Exposure to Biodiesel Extracts

Influence of fish smoking methods on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and possible risks to human health

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives and the proinflammatory potential of fractionated extracts of diesel exhaust and wood smoke particles

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