Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach

Arifin, Wan Nor; Zahiruddin, Wan Mohd

doi:10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.11

Cited by 355 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…The methodological quality of the included studies was moderate. In particular, no study estimated the sample size, since inadequate sample size can miss the real intervention effect in an experiment or excessive sample size can result in wasting animals and raising animal ethical issues [60]. No study blindingly assessed outcome, which could attribute to a 27% overestimation of the mean reported effect size [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borneol for Regulating the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanism

Chen

Shan

et al. 2019

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Borneol, a natural product in the Asteraceae family, is widely used as an upper ushering drug for various brain diseases in many Chinese herbal formulae. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an essential role in maintaining a stable homeostatic environment, while BBB destruction and the increasing BBB permeability are common pathological processes in many serious central nervous system (CNS) diseases, which is especially an essential pathological basis of cerebral ischemic injury. Here, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess preclinical evidence of borneol for experimental ischemic stroke as well as investigate in the possible neuroprotective mechanisms, which mainly focused on regulating the permeability of BBB. Seven databases were searched from their inception to July 2018. The studies of borneol for ischemic stroke in animal models were included. RevMan 5.3 was applied for data analysis. Fifteen studies investigated the effects of borneol in experimental ischemic stroke involving 308 animals were ultimately identified. The present study showed that the administration of borneol exerted a significant decrease of BBB permeability during cerebral ischemic injury according to brain Evans blue content and brain water content compared with controls (P<0.01). In addition, borneol could improve neurological function scores (NFS) and cerebral infarction area. Thus, borneol may be a promising neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemic injury, largely through alleviating the BBB disruption, reducing oxidative reactions, inhibiting the occurrence of inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, and improving the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as P-glycoprotein (P-GP) and NO signaling pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borneol for Regulating the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanism

Chen

Shan

et al. 2019

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…and analyzed statistically using the "t" test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) "one-way" followed by the Bonferroni test, where P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The values of E max were calculated by non-linear regression for all experiments performed (Jenkinson et al, 1995;Arifin & Zahiruddin, 2017). All data were analyzed using the Graphpad Prism ( program version 5.01 (Graphpad Software Inc., San Diego CA, USA).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau present antispasmodic activity mediated through calcium influx blockage

Monteiro

Costa

Martins³

et al. 2020

Rev. Ciênc. Farm. Básica Apl.

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Aim: Since other species of the Bignoniaceae Family presented of antispasmodic activity, it was decided, by chemotaxonomic criterion, to determine the antispasmodic activity of the leaves of Arrabidaea brachypoda. Methodology: the segments of the rat jejunum were suspended in glass vats containing specific saline solution, at an appropriate temperature, and after stabilization period, were stimulated by a contractile agent to observe the inhibitory or relaxing effect of EH-FAB. Results: EH-FAB showed the presence of 10 compounds, mainly rutin and it has an antispasmodic activity as it inhibits the phasic component and relaxes the tonic component of the contraction in isolated rat jejunum. To assess the mechanism of antispasmodic action, cumulative curves to the CCh were performed in which a non-competitive antagonism was observed, due to a displacement of the control curve to the right and reduction of the maximum contraction effect (E max). Afterward, the participation of the calcium and/or potassium channels was evaluated by increasing the extracellular potassium, and it was observed that the EH-FAB relaxed the rat jejunum, suggesting the participation of the Ca 2+ channels. To corroborate that hypothesis, the EH-FAB was tested against cumulative curves to Ca 2+ in a free depolarizing solution of Ca 2+ , and it was observed that there was a shift of the curve to the right with a reduction in E max. Conclusions: EH-FAB presents antispasmodic activity in isolated rat jejunum and it is suggested to block the influx of Ca 2+ through voltage-gated calcium channels, signaling the therapeutic potential for the treatment of colic and/or diarrhea.

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“…The sample size considering 10 percent attrition was calculated according to the previously described method (19). Mice (n = 20) were divided into five groups.…”

Section: Vaccine Preparation Immunization and Challenge Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Leishmanization Using Iranian Lizard Leishmania Mixed With CpG-ODN as a Candidate Vaccine Against Experimental Murine Leishmaniasis

et al. 2020

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Background and Objectives: The live non-pathogenic Leishmania tarantolae has recently provided a promising approach as an effective vaccine candidate against experimental leishmaniasis (ILL). Here, we evaluated the immunoprotective potential of the live Iranian Lizard Leishmania mixed with CpG adjuvant against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Methods: Four groups of female BALB/c mice were included in the study. The first and second groups received PBS and CpG, respectively. The immunized groups received 2 × 10 5 ILL promastigotes and the CpG-mixed ILL (ILL+CpG). Injections were performed subcutaneously in the right footpad. Three weeks later, all mice were challenged with 2 × 10 5 metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania major EGFP ; inoculation was done in the left footpad. The measurement of footpad swelling and in vivo fluorescent imaging were used to evaluate disease progress during infection course. Eight weeks after challenge, all mice were sacrificed and the cytokines levels (IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10) and sera antibodies concentrations (IgG2a and IgG1) using ELISA assay, nitric oxide production using Griess assay, and arginase activity in cultured splenocytes, were measured. In addition, direct fluorescent microscopy analysis and qPCR assay were used to quantify the splenic parasite burden. Result: The results showed that mice immunized with ILL+CpG were protected against the development of the dermal lesion. Moreover, they showed a significant reduction in the parasite load, in comparison to the control groups. The observed protection was associated with higher production of IFN-γ, as well as a reduction in IL-4 level. Additionally, the results demonstrated that arginase activity was decreased in ILL+CpG group compared to other groups. Conclusion: Immunization using ILL+CpG induces a protective immunity; indicating that ILL with an appropriate adjuvant would be a suitable choice for vaccination against leishmaniasis.

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Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach

Cited by 355 publications

References 6 publications

Borneol for Regulating the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanism

Borneol for Regulating the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanism

Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau present antispasmodic activity mediated through calcium influx blockage

Evaluation of Leishmanization Using Iranian Lizard Leishmania Mixed With CpG-ODN as a Candidate Vaccine Against Experimental Murine Leishmaniasis

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