Sample Preparation Using Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals

Abstract

Graphene oxide is a compound with a form similar to graphene, composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection. Due to its significant surface area and its good mechanical and thermal stability, graphene oxide has a plethora of applications in various scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas storage, environmental remediation, etc. In analytical chemistry, graphene oxide has been successfully employed for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds, metal ions, and proteins. Since graphene oxide sheets are negatively charged in aqueous solutions, the material and its derivatives are ideal sorbents to bind with metal ions. To date, various graphene oxide nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from biological, environmental, agricultural, and food samples. In this review article, we aim to discuss the application of graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites for the extraction of metal ions prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Applications of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the modification of graphene oxide and its functionalized derivatives are also discussed.

Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19

“…To minimize the presence of interferent compounds that can compromise the detection sensitivity of the analytical method, the sample treatment procedure is generally required. 19 , 22 , 103 Several types of sample preparation are described in the literature to remove interferents, such as solid-phase extraction and its miniaturization strategies, 107–112 liquid–liquid extraction, and its miniaturization approaches, 113–116 cloud point extraction, 117 ionic liquid extraction, 118–121 membrane-associated solvent extraction 24 , 114 and ultrasound-assisted extraction. 22 , 99 , 122 Many of these methods are examples of sample preparation approaches used in studies focusing on metallobiomolecules.…”

Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes as Potential Self-Assembling Filter for Wastewater Treatment

“…Indeed, various studies have been conducted about the use of carbon nanotubes [51], biochar fabricated from biomasses [52], activated carbons [53] in several processes intended to remove heavy metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, Zn, Co with efficiencies variable in the range 1-70 mg/g, but such values are strongly influenced by the specific operating conditions, techniques, plants, and ions concentrations. GO-based composites, mainly used as powders interacting for several hours with polluted solutions to be treated, have also been developed to remove and/or recover toxic or precious metals such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Au [54][55][56][57]. Capacities higher than 100 mg/g have been obtained for Cu removal [55,56] while values around 20 mg/g have been calculated upon treating Fe-and Mn-containing solutions [58].…”

Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Analysis

“…The environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites are classified into two categories: in the extraction and determination of (i) organic pollutants and (ii) metal ions and rare earth elements. Some of the organic compounds that are examined with these materials are Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), estrogens, sulfonamides, chlorophenols and so forth, whilst the second category consists of Hg, Cr(III), Cd, Cr(VI), Au, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb(II), Ce(III), Tl(III) and other [57,58].…”