Samarium enriches antitumor activity of ZnO nanoparticles via downregulation of CXCR4 receptor and cytochrome P450

Abstract

Cancer is the leading cause of death and exhausts human and economic resources for treatment and protection. Zinc oxide nanoparticles play an effective role in tumor treatment but with some cautions, such as overexpression of cytochrome P450, hepatic overload, and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway resistance. Although lanthanides have antitumor activity, their use is limited. Therefore, the current study aims to improve the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticle via doping with lanthanides, such as samarium. In vitro study revealed that samarium doped with zinc oxide showed more antitumor activity than the other lanthanides, and the antitumor activity depends on the concentration of samarium in the nanocomposite. The in vivo experiment on mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor revealed that intramuscular injection of samarium/zinc oxide downregulates the expressions of CXCR4 and PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in respect to Ehrlich solid tumor group. Regarding the apoptotic biomarkers, samarium/zinc oxide upregulates the apoptotic biomarker; Bax accompanied with the mitotic catastrophe which was indicated by cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. Moreover, samarium:zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited minimum toxicity which was indicated by suppressed activities of cytochrome P450 and hepatic enzymes, including alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. In addition, the histopathological finding, as well as immunophenotyping results, appreciated the biochemical finding. Therefore, samarium:zinc oxide might be offered a new approach to improve the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles along with lower toxic effect. Also, samarium:zinc oxide nanoparticles can be a candidate as a new antitumor compound to detect its mode of action.

Anticancer Activity of Samarium-Coated Magnesium Implants for Immunocompromised Patients

“…Sm is also proved to enhance anticancer activity in combination with ZnO. Sm 3+ ion-doped ZnO showed dose-dependent antiproliferative activity on cancerous cells. , …”

“…Sm 3+ ion-doped ZnO showed dose-dependent antiproliferative activity on cancerous cells. 8,36 Research studies were performed to understand the anticancer activity of lanthanides. In osteosarcoma, the cytochrome P-450 governs the tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis.…”

“…6,7 Surface modification with rare-earth elements is gaining significance in the recent years as they possess corrosion resistance and antagonistic properties and are also proven to be anticarcinogenic in the living tissues. 8 The effective corrosion mitigation by the rare-earth conversion coating on Mg alloys was analyzed in the simulated body fluid (SBF). 9 The anticancer behavior of nanoceria, gadolinium oxide, lanthanum oxide, and samarium complexes was studied.…”

Fabrication and Physico-Chemical Properties of Antifungal Samarium Doped Hydroxyapatite Thin Films

“…Recent studies, have also shown that the biological activity of samarium doped hydroxyapatite (SmHAp) it is strongly influenced by the amount of Sm 3+ that is found in the samples [10][11][12][13][14]. Moreover, has been highlighted that the presence of Sm 3+ in various biomaterials, used in the medical field, increases their anticancer activity [15,16]. Ying L. and collaborators, in their study entitled "Long-term biodistribution in vivo and toxicity of radioactive/magnetic hydroxyapatite nanorods", showed that Sm-HA:Gd nanorods exhibit an excellent γ-emission, relaxivity and biocompatibility thus making them suitable for potential applications in the biomedical area (including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [17].…”

Physico-Chemical Properties and In Vitro Antifungal Evaluation of Samarium Doped Hydroxyapatite Coatings

“…Currently, the use of nanoparticles and coatings in the medical field is on an upward trend due to their remarkable properties that make them effective in many ways, starting from the fight against pathogenic microorganisms and ending with their antitumoral activity [1]. One of the most used biomaterials in the biomedical field is hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) which is the main mineral component of bone tissue.…”