Salt Tolerance in the Triticeae: K/Na Discrimination in Barley

The Use of Hydroponics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Research

“…Typically, we add salt twice daily (morning and evening), in 25 mM or 50 mM NaCl www.intechopen.com increments (Shavrukov et al, 2006(Shavrukov et al, , 2009(Shavrukov et al, , 2010a(Shavrukov et al, , 2010b, in agreement with other salinity research groups (Boyer et al, 2008;Dreccer et al, 2004;Forster et al, 1990Forster et al, , 1994Gorham, 1990;Munns & James, 2003;Rawson et al, 1988aRawson et al, , 1988bShah et al, 1987;Watson et al, 2001). We have found that suitable salt stress levels are typically 100-150 mM NaCl for bread wheat (Dreccer et al, 2004;Gorham et al, 1987;Munns & James, 2003;Shah et al, 1987), 150-200 mM NaCl for barley (Forster et al, 1990(Forster et al, , 1994Gorham et al, 1990;Rawson et al, 1988aRawson et al, , 1988bShavrukov et al, 2010a), and 250-300 mM NaCl for tolerant cereals such as wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides (Shavrukov et al, 2010b), and for saltbush, Atriplex ssp. and other halophytes (Flowers et al, 1977).…”

“…However, small quartz particles can easily block and damage the pumping system. Other suitable substrates may include artificially manufactured expanded clay balls, vermiculite (Forster et al, 1994;Gorham et al, 1990Gorham et al, , 1991 or perlite, and rockwool (Gorham, 1990;Gorham et al, 1991). Some substrates are also suitable for small, 'passive' hydroponics systems, where plants are grown in small pots containing the substrate and sitting in a tray, with growth solution supplied via capillary action from below.…”

Effects of Exogenous Glycinebetaine on Growth and Ultrastructure of Salt-Stressed Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativaL.)

“…The competitive inhibition of K + absorption by N a+ is well known, and the level of internal K + is reduced by the presence of external N aCl at a high concentration (Gorham et al, 1990;Botella et al, 1997). Stressed rice plants accumulated significantly less N a and more K upon application of glycinebetaine than without application of glycinebetaine.…”

Photosynthetic capacity is related to the cellular and subcellular partitioning of Na+, K+ and Cl‐ in salt‐affected barley and durum wheat

“…Barley, a salt-tolerant species (Maas & Hoffman 1977;Rawson, Richards & Munns 1988;Royo et al . 2000), possibly due to its ability to efficiently compartmentalize ions (Gorham et al . 1990b), was chosen as a tissue tolerant ideo-type and compared to a salt-sensitive Australian durum wheat cultivar -Wollaroi.…”