Salt intake, hypertension and diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus affects approximately 135 million people in the world. Diabetes and hypertension are both relatively common diseases in westernised countries. Both entities increase with age. Essential hypertension accounts for the majority of hypertension in people with type 2 diabetes, who constitute more than 90% of those with a dual diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension. The benefit conferred per mm Hg blood pressure reduction appears to be greater in persons with type 2 diabetes than in those with hypertension and non-coexistent diabetes mellitus. Similar to a subset of patients with essential hypertension, type 2 diabetic patients manifest dietary NaCl-induced exacerbation of hypertension. Recent guidelines have emphasised that the target blood pressure levels for patients with diabetes should be lower than in other hypertensive groups. An increased total body sodium and enhanced vascular

Kidney involvement in a nongenetic rat model of type 2 diabetes

“…These metabolic abnormalities are very similar to those seen in human type 2 diabetes which is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and in a majority of cases salt-sensitive hypertension [12]. Although this type 2 model of diabetes was originally described in the mouse in 1998 [13], it is still unknown whether the kidney pathology observed in this type 2 model of diabetes will compare to that observed in the established type 1 model.…”

Dietary Sodium Intake in People with Diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010

“…However, adults in Korea still consume more sodium than Americans. Given the plethora of studies documenting the association between sodium intake and T2DM risk [18], cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease risk [192021222324], and links between sodium restriction and reduction in proteinuria, stroke protection, and enhancement of antihypertensive agents [1025], limiting and managing sodium intake is central to public health. Because initiatives to reduce sodium intake have been implemented by various organizations, it is necessary to determine a more accurate, healthy amount of sodium intake.…”

Stroke prevention - other nutrients

“…[32][33][34]. Some benefit might even be seen in people who are not hypertensive, suggesting a mechanism by which sodium affects stroke risk that is quite independent of BP 35 .…”