Salmonella Spp. Infection in Psittacidae at a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in the State of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil

Souza, Michelli Lopes de; Coelho, Mateus Lotério; Silva, Angélica Oliveira da; Azuaga, Lucas Bezerra da Silva; Netto, C.R.M. Coutinho; Galhardo, Juliana Arena; Leal, Cássia Rejane Brito; Ramos, Carlos Alberto do Nascimento

doi:10.7589/2019-06-171

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Indeed, surface water is more easily exposed to discharge of sewage, inadequate agricultural, livestock and industrial run-offs, climatic events and visit of wild animals ( Bergholz et al, 2016 ; Karkey et al, 2016 ; Toro et al, 2016 ; Gu et al, 2019 ; Jechalke et al, 2019 ). The latter is particularly noteworthy, since a wide range of S. enterica serovars have been extensively reported in wildlife ( Maurer et al, 2015 ; Toro et al, 2016 ; de Souza et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Rocha

Ferrari²,

Pereira³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The increasing number of studies reporting the presence of Salmonella in environmental water sources suggests that it is beyond incidental findings originated from sparse fecal contamination events. However, there is no consensus on the occurrence of Salmonella as its relative serovar representation across non-recycled water sources. We conducted a meta-analysis of proportions by fitting a random-effects model using the restricted maximum-likelihood estimator to obtain the weighted average proportion and between-study variance associated with the occurrence of Salmonella in water sources. Moreover, meta-regression and non-parametric supervised machine learning method were performed to predict the effect of moderators on the frequency of Salmonella in non-recycled water sources. Three sequential steps (identification of information sources, screening and eligibility) were performed to obtain a preliminary selection from identified abstracts and article titles. Questions related to the frequency of Salmonella in aquatic environments, as well as putative differences in the relative frequencies of the reported Salmonella serovars and the role of potential variable moderators (sample source, country, and sample volume) were formulated according to the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome method (PICO). The results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyzes statement (PRISMA). A total of 26 eligible papers reporting 148 different Salmonella serovars were retrieved. According to our model, the Salmonella frequency in non-recycled water sources was 0.19 [CI: 0.14; 0.25]. The source of water was identified as the most import variable affecting the frequency of Salmonella, estimated as 0.31 and 0.17% for surface and groundwater, respectively. There was a higher frequency of Salmonella in countries with lower human development index (HDI). Small volume samples of surface water resulted in lower detectable Salmonella frequencies both in high and low HDI regions. Relative frequencies of the 148 serovars were significantly affected only by HDI and volume. Considering that serovars representation can also be affected by water sample volume, efforts toward the standardization of water samplings for monitoring purposes should be considered. Further approaches such as metagenomics could provide more comprehensive insights about the microbial ecology of fresh water and its importance for the quality and safety of agricultural products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Rocha

Ferrari²,

Pereira³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…This study describes an outbreak caused by S. Newport in parrots and although previously detected in carriers (de Souza et al, 2020); here, we characterize for the first time S. Newport as a cause of disease in parrots. The isolates subjected to WGS were selected from internal organs from two different necropsied individuals and classified as Salmonella enterica serovar Newport ST45.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…This study describes an outbreak caused by S . Newport in parrots and although previously detected in carriers (de Souza et al ., 2020); here, we characterize for the first time S . Newport as a cause of disease in parrots.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are no previous reports of parrots developing disease due to S . Newport, a recent study revealed the presence of multiple Salmonella serovars, including Newport, in asymptomatic rescued parrots from the illegal trade in Brazil (de Sousa et al ., 2020). These individuals were also intended to be sold in the illegal pet trade and originated from the same area where our studied birds were captured by traffickers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salmonella Newport outbreak in Brazilian parrots: confiscated birds from the illegal pet trade as possible zoonotic sources

Saidenberg

Stegger

Semmler

et al. 2021

Environ Microbiol Rep

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Summary Salmonella has long been linked to zoonotic risks, including exotic pets. Parrots are popular pets, and we here describe a salmonellosis outbreak involving Blue‐fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) confiscated from the illegal pet trade in Brazil. High mortality was observed during the rehabilitation for which the causative agent was identified by cultures, and VITEK®2 GN identification card as Salmonella enterica. Genome sequencing of two isolates revealed serovar Newport ST45. The isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and genomic analyses detected characteristic Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) and virulence factors. A phylogenetic analysis with other 275 S. Newport ST45 from different international sources showed clustering with poultry and vegetables isolates and closely related clades of intermingled animal, human, food/environmental isolates from different countries (Tables S1 and S2). The virulent profiles and phylogenetic connection to multiple sources bring the attention to the non‐host specificity of these strains highlighting the zoonotic potential in the illegal wildlife trade for companion animals.

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“…The ultimate consequence is that two billion humans are annually suffering from Salmonella gastroenteritis, leading to over 3 million deaths globally [ 10 ]. The prevalent Salmonella is widely found in diverse sources, including environment, animal-originated foods, water, and animals, specifically wild animals, including wild birds [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], wild pigs [ 14 ], poultry and their eggs [ 15 ], and cattle [ 16 ]. It can be disseminated to humans via ingestion of contaminated food of animal origins, including pork, chicken, eggs, beef, and milk [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Searching Single Nucleotide-Polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNPs-Targeting a Multiplex Primer for Identification of Common Salmonella Serotypes

2022

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A rapid and high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-based method was developed to improve detection and reduce salmonellosis burden. In this study, whole-genome sequence (WGS) was used to investigate SNPs, the most common genetic marker for identifying bacteria. SNP-sites encompassing 15 sets of primers (666–863 bp) were selected and used to amplify the target Salmonella serovar strains, and the amplified products were sequenced. The prevalent Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars, including Typhimurium; Enteritidis, Agona, enterica, Typhi, and Abony, were amplified and sequenced. The amplified sequences of six Salmonella serovars with 15 sets of SNP-sites encompassing primers were aligned, explored SNPs, and SNPs-carrying primers (23 sets) were designed to develop a multiplex PCR marker (m-PCR). Each primer exists in at least two SNPs bases at the 3′ end of each primer, such as one was wild, and another was a mismatched base by transition or transversion mutation. Thus, twenty-three sets of SNP primers (242–670 bp), including 13 genes (SBG, dedA, yacG, mrcB, mesJ, metN, rihA/B, modA, hutG, yehX, ybiY, moeB, and sopA), were developed for PCR confirmation of target Salmonella serovar strains. Finally, the SNPs in four genes, including fliA gene (S. Enteritidis), modA (S. Agona and S. enterica), sopA (S. Abony), and mrcB (S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi), were used for detection markers of six target Salmonella serotypes. We developed an m-PCR primer set in which Salmonella serovars were detected in a single reaction. Nevertheless, m-PCR was validated with 21 Salmonella isolates (at least one isolate was taken from one positive animal fecal, and n = 6 reference Salmonella strains) and non-Salmonella bacteria isolates. The SNP-based m-PCR method would identify prevalent Salmonella serotypes, minimize the infection, and control outbreaks.

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Salmonella Spp. Infection in Psittacidae at a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in the State of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Salmonella Newport outbreak in Brazilian parrots: confiscated birds from the illegal pet trade as possible zoonotic sources

Genome-Wide Searching Single Nucleotide-Polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNPs-Targeting a Multiplex Primer for Identification of Common Salmonella Serotypes

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