Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia

Abstract

Synopsis Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the U.S. each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent, but is also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classical methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and PCR show great promise for routine clinical testing.

Oral and cloacal aerobic bacterial and fungal flora of free-living four-lined snakes (Elaphe quatuorlineata) from Croatia

“…Secondary bacterial infections, such as subcutaneous abscess or tetanus, are possible complications of snake bites, either venomous or non-venomous snakes (HABIB, 2002;GARG et al, 2009). In addition to bites, humans can be infected during manipulation of animals (RABINOWITZ et al, 2007;DEKKER and FRANK, 2015) or via infected equipment (FOSTER and KERR, 2005). The popularity of snakes as pets and the models of biological and veterinary research increased the risk for a public health due to the zoonotic potential of these animals.…”

Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella from Chicken Carcasses Marketed at Ibague, Colombia

“…The subspecies enterica (I) groups the majority (1547, 60%) of serovars that affect human and domestic animals (Dekker & Frank, 2015;Grimont & Weill, 2007;OIE, 2012), and those serovars are classified as typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) (Sanderson & Nair, 2013). Contaminated meat and poultry products such as commercial table eggs and raw chicken meat constitute the main sources of S. enterica (Ricke & Calo, 2015).…”

“…S. Newport, S. Javiana, S.I4, [5],12:i:-, S. Muenchen, S. Bareilly, S. Monevideo and S. Heildelberg, among others, are also associated in a smaller proportion with human infection (CDC, 2014;Chen et al, 2012). NTS might be responsible for about 80.3 million foodborne illnesses and 115,000 deaths each year in the world (Majowicz et al, 2010), while Typhoid, Paratyphoid and enteric fever cause 25 million infections and 200,000 deaths each year globally (Dekker & Frank, 2015). Antibiotic treatment of salmonellosis is complicated because the microorganism under antibiotic pressure may select for virulence within the host (Diard et al, 2014), acquires tolerance and multiple drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes (fast-, moderate-and low-growing subsets) within host tissues (Claudi et al, 2014), and frequently incorporate new genetic material to resist the antibiotic selective pressure (Brown-Jaque et al, 2015).…”

Salmonella spp. in the fish production chain: a review

“…In this scheme, S. enterica is further classified into 6 sub-species: S. enterica subspecie enterica (I); S. enterica subspecie salamae (II); S. enterica subspecie arizonae (IIIa); S. enterica subspecie diarizonae (IIIb); S. enterica subspecie houtenae (IV) and S. enterica subspecie indica (V). Currently more than 2,600 serovars have been identified, including 1,547 belonging to S. enterica enterica (DEKKER & FRANK, 2015), which causes 99% of diseases in humans and animals (GRIMONT & WEILL, 2007;CDC, 2008;ISSENHUTH-JEANJEAN et al, 2014).…”