Salmonella contamination of cereal ingredients for animal feeds

Use of an attenuated live Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine on three breeding pig units: A longitudinal observational field study

“…This suggests that environmental Salmonella levels on pig units largely reflect recent shedding by animals, rather than representing a primary driver for pig infection. A high environmental Salmonella level may be primary when there are specific external factors causing it, but even then the consequences for pig infection may vary according to whether the factor(s) result in spreading Salmonella (for example wet weather on an outdoor unit) or in focussing, intensifying and prolonging the challenge, such as may be seen with rodent infestations [30]. On farms A2 and A3, wet weather was followed by an increased frequency of shedding of Salmonella, but at comparatively low concentrations, indicating that this may have been transient cycling of environmental organisms without true colonisation of the gut.…”

Wild Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) as a Source of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

“…[32] and we tested the hypothesis that wild griffon vultures could also be a potential reservoir for Campylobacter . Wild birds may factor into both Campylobacter and Salmonella epidemiology by coming into contact with farm and food production animals and moving great distances throughout the landscape [41], [42]. Wild birds can function as animal vectors, spreading diseases along migration routes and transferring zoonotic bacteria throughout large parts of the world in faecal droppings [43].…”

“…Nevertheless, our results underline the need to consider the griffon vultures as a potential infection source of this bacterial pathogen, and the zoonotic risk for the general population should be considered. As an example, Davies and Wales [42] recently illustrated the potential of domestic cereal crops to pose a risk of Salmonella exposure for livestock via compound feedstuffs.…”

Biosecurity Measures to Control Salmonella and Other Infectious Agents in Pig Farms: A Review

“…The control of rodents on a farm is of paramount economic and health importance, not only because of the damage that they can create to the farm buildings (structure, insulation, and electrical wiring) and the amount of feed that they consume or spoil, but also because of their role in transmitting pig diseases as well as bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonoses (Backhans and Fellstrom ). Some authors have also described another indirect route of infection within and between farms, it is via feed or ingredients that have been contaminated by infected rodents and other animals (Daniels and others ; Davies and Wales ).…”

“…typhimurium , although this may occur rarely (Harris and others ; Funk and others ). Such contamination has a particular importance in farms where grains and cereals used to make homemade meals are temporarily stored in livestock areas where they can get contaminated (Davies and Wales ); but in most countries, other than those where Salmonella is controlled by an elimination policy for all serovars, feed is not a major source of persisting infection in pigs.…”