Salmonella chronic carriage: epidemiology, diagnosis, and gallbladder persistence

Gunn, John S.; Marshall, James L.; Baker, Stephen; Dongol, Sabina; Charles, Richelle C.; Ryan, Edward T.

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.06.007

Cited by 249 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…The gallbladder, bile, and gallstones were collected, homogenized, and/or diluted to enumerate the bacteria using LB plates with or without antibiotics. For bacterial CFU enumeration of Salmonella in competition experiments, mice were given intraperitoneal injections containing 10 4 CFU of an equal mixture of WT cells marked with streptomycin resistance and cells of a mutant strain marked with either kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistance and sacrificed at 7 or 8 days postinfection. Gallbladder, bile, and gallstones were collected, homogenized, and/or diluted to enumerate the bacteria using LB plates with appropriate antibiotics.…”

Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows the bacteria to spread systemically to common sites of infection: bone marrow, spleen, liver, and pancreas. From the liver, the bacterium is able to transit into the gallbladder, where it can either induce inflammation (cholecystitis) and an acute infection or persist chronically, creating a carrier state (3,4). Chronic carriers are a threat to public health as they are able to live asymptomatically while shedding bacteria in their feces, thereby maintaining the pathogen within the population.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Salmonella Extracellular Matrix Components Influence Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization

et al. 2016

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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans, forms biofilms encapsulated by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Biofilms facilitate colonization and persistent infection in gallbladders of humans and mouse models of chronic carriage. Individual roles of matrix components have not been completely elucidated in vitro or in vivo. To examine individual functions, strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the murine model of S. Typhi, in which various ECM genes were deleted or added, were created to examine biofilm formation, colonization, and persistence in the gallbladder. Studies show that curli contributes most significantly to biofilm formation. Expression of Vi antigen decreased biofilm formation in vitro and virulence and bacterial survival in vivo without altering the examined gallbladder pro-or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Oppositely, loss of all ECM components (⌬wcaM ⌬csgA ⌬yihO ⌬bcsE) increased virulence and bacterial survival in vivo and reduced gallbladder interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Colanic acid and curli mutants had the largest defects in biofilm-forming ability and contributed most significantly to the virulence increase of the ⌬wcaM ⌬csgA ⌬yihO ⌬bcsE mutant strain. While the ⌬wcaM ⌬csgA ⌬yihO ⌬bcsE mutant was not altered in resistance to complement or growth in macrophages, it attached and invaded macrophages better than the wild-type (WT) strain. These data suggest that ECM components have various levels of importance in biofilm formation and gallbladder colonization and that the ECM diminishes disseminated disease in our model, perhaps by reducing cell attachment/invasion and dampening inflammation by maintaining/inducing IL-10 production. Understanding how ECM components aid acute disease and persistence could lead to improvements in therapeutic treatment of typhoid fever patients.

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Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salmonella Extracellular Matrix Components Influence Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization

et al. 2016

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“…It is estimated that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is responsible for 21.7 million of new infections worldwide annually [2]. Moreover, approximately 2–5% of patients are not able to fully clear the infection and become chronic carriers [3]. In contrast, most non-Typhi Salmonella serovars (NTS) cause self-limiting gastroenteritis in immunocompetent humans and are some of the most important microorganisms causing food-borne diseases worldwide [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells

et al. 2018

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B cells are a target of Salmonella infection, allowing bacteria survival without inducing pyroptosis. This event is due to downregulation of Nlrc4 expression and lack of inflammasome complex activation, which impairs the secretion of IL-1β. YAP phosphorylation is required for downregulation of Nlrc4 in B cells during Salmonella infection; however, the microorganism’s mechanisms underlying the inhibition of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells are not fully understood. Our findings demonstrate that the Salmonella effector SopB triggers a signaling cascade involving PI3K, PDK1 and mTORC2 that activates Akt with consequent phosphorylation of YAP. When we deleted sopB in Salmonella, infected B cells that lack Rictor, or inhibited the signaling cascade using a pharmacological approach, we were able to restore the function of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells and the ability to control the infection. Furthermore, B cells from infected mice exhibited activation of Akt and YAP phosphorylation, suggesting that Salmonella also triggers this pathway in vivo. In summary, our data demonstrate that the Salmonella effector inositide phosphate phosphatase SopB triggers the PI3K-Akt-YAP pathway to inhibit the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells. This study provides further evidence that Salmonella triggers cellular mechanisms in B lymphocytes to manipulate the host environment by turning it into a survival niche to establish a successful infection.

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“…Este estado de portador crónico está fortemente associado à presença de litíase biliar. 19,20 No entanto, são sugeridos outros mecanismos de permanência da Salmonella na vesícula biliar não necessariamente relacionados com a presença de litíase vesicular, como a formação de biofilme no epitélio da vesícula biliar e invasão e persistência intracelular da bactéria no próprio epitélio.…”

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Colecistite Aguda Alitiásica por Salmonella enteritidis

Damião

Gouveia

2018

Acta Pediátrica Port

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A colecistite aguda alitiásica define-se como a inflamação aguda da vesícula biliar na ausência de cálculos. Em pediatria representa a principal patologia aguda da vesícula biliar. Anteriormente associada a casos de mau prognóstico e de doença sistémica grave, são cada vez mais os casos de colecistite aguda alitiásica em crianças previamente saudáveis, com patologia infeciosa. A associação com Salmonella enteritidis é pouco frequente. Apresenta-se o caso clínico de um rapaz de 7 anos internado por desidratação no contexto de gastroenterite por Salmonella enteritidis, complicada por colecistite aguda alitiásica. Evoluiu bem após antibioterapia endovenosa, sem necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. O tropismo da Salmonella pela vesícula biliar é um assunto pouco esclarecido, pelo que é revista resumidamente a literatura mais recente.Palavras-chave: Colecistite Acalculosa; Criança; Infeções por Salmonella; Salmonella enteritidis AbstractAcute acalculous cholecystitis is defined as acute inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones. In paediatrics it is the main acute pathology of the gallbladder. Initially described in critically ill patients, nowadays most cases are observed in previously healthy children secondary to infections. Association with Salmonella enteritidis infection is rare. The authors report the case of a 7-year-old boy admitted to hospital due to dehydration in the context of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis, complicated by acute acalculous cholecystitis. After intravenous antibiotic therapy, laboratory parameters normalized and the patient's clinical course was favourable without the need for surgical treatment. Tropism of Salmonella for the gallbladder is well-known but not well understood; here we review the most recent literature on the subject.

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Salmonella chronic carriage: epidemiology, diagnosis, and gallbladder persistence

Cited by 249 publications

References 96 publications

Salmonella Extracellular Matrix Components Influence Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization

Salmonella Extracellular Matrix Components Influence Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization

SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells

Colecistite Aguda Alitiásica por Salmonella enteritidis

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