Salivirus in children with diarrhoea, western India

Abstract

Salivirus in children with diarrhoea, western IndiaAcute gastroenteritis or infectious diarrhoea is one of the most common diseases affecting children less than 5 years of age and leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. 1 Recent studies have revealed that on average up to 40% of diarrhoea cases are of unknown aetiology. 2,3 Salivirus (SalV), also known as klassevirus, a member of the genus Salivirus in the family Picornaviridae, 4 was a relatively recent discovery in stool samples of children with gastroenteritis in the USA in the year 2009. 5 SalV has been found in faecal samples from patients with gastroenteritis in various countries, with a frequency ranging from 0.1% to 8.7%. 6,7 The occurrence of a second type of SalV, A2, was reported after this was detected in sewage samples in Thailand in 2012. 8 Although there are reports suggesting gastroenteritis in infants caused by SalV, 9 as well as its actual prevalence in infants and children, the epidemiology of the virus and its pathogenesis remain unclear.SalV was detected in 16 samples from the community and nine samples from hospitals, in a multicentre study in Vellore, South India during the years 2005-2006, demonstrating klassevirus infection and replication in humans. 10 There appears to have been no further report of SalV detection in India.During an ongoing study by the National Rotavirus Surveillance Network (NRSN) supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), two clinical recruitment sites located in Belagavi (an urban region in Karnataka) and Karad (a rural region in Maharashtra) in western India were investigated to estimate the presence of SalV in children 0-59 months of age hospitalized with diarrhoea as a primary cause of illness. The investigation took place between January and December 2014.A total of 468 faecal samples were collected along with clinical and demographic information, after written informed consent/ assent was obtained and following institutional ethics committee approval at the respective clinical recruitment sites and RMRC, ICMR, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. Faecal samples were suspended to 30% in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and viral RNA was extracted using a QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen Sciences, Valencia CA, USA). RNA was then converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using a reverse transcription (RT) kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and random primers (Applied

Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Human <b><i>Salivirus</i></b> in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Northern Italy, 2014–2015

“…Our data show that the detection rate of SalV in diarrheal children (0.5%) was lower than that observed in other countries, where they have been reported in 8.6-1.2% of diarrheal children [17,[23][24][25][26][27]. The only positive sample was from a child of Bangladeshi origin, confirming that SalV is rare in European countries, and that, although widespread, this virus seems to circulate more in Asia and North Africa.…”

“…Since its identification, SalV has been detected frequently in stool samples of children with gastroenteritis worldwide, with the highest prevalence rates in Nepal (8.6%), Shanghai/China (4.2%), Korea (4%), Germany (3.8%), Tunisia (3.1%), Brazil (1.7%), and western India (1.2%) [23][24][25][26][27]. Our data show that the detection rate of SalV in diarrheal children (0.5%) was lower than that observed in other countries, where they have been reported in 8.6-1.2% of diarrheal children [17,[23][24][25][26][27].…”

Molecular detection of human enteric viruses circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela, before rotavirus vaccine implementation

“…Although AiV and KV have been associated with AGE in several continents [ 17 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 57 – 59 ], to our knowledge, there have not been reports of AiV and KV causing infections in Venezuelan human population. Unfortunately, the low rate of detection in this study did not allow to evaluate their relationship with socio-demographic and clinic variables, but their presence confirms the participation as agent of childhood diarrhea and the relatively recent introduction in Venezuela.…”

“…AiVs were recovered during a study from a major river polluted with sewage discharges in Caracas (Venezuela) during 2007–2008 [ 25 ], but its impact on the burden of AGE in Venezuela is unknown. Finally, KVs, discovered in human stool and sewage [ 22 ], have been significantly associated with pediatric diarrhea in different countries, especially in children less than 3 years old, with a frequency ranging from 0.1 to 8.7% [ 26 – 28 ].…”

Environmental Aspects and Features of Critical Pathogen Groups

“…Besides classic enteric viruses, recent studies have focused on the identification of emerging or newly identified viruses, e.g. polyomavirus, papillomavirus, Aichi viruses, saliviruses (Itta et al, 2016;Reuter et al, 2016) associated with water and wastewater. Enteric viruses are associated with a variety of diseases such as gastroenteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and meningitis in humans (Table 2).…”