Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease

Abstract

Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis.

Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Saliva and Plasma of Patients Suffering from Periodontitis

“…An extensive body of empirical data indicates that the MDA level in bodily fluids may be a reliable indicator of the extent of oxidative damage to cells in the body [5]. Available research indicates that MDA levels are increased due to cancer [6], atherosclerosis [7], diabetes [8], liver disease [9] and preeclampsia [10], as well as in smokers, while recent data suggest a strong link with periodontal disease [11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Namely, in the course of periodontal disease, free radical production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes increases as a defense mechanism against periodontopathogens. Existing studies indicate that, in the course of periodontal disease, LPO products such as MDA are released and participate in the progress of periodontal tissue inflammation and destruction [13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, periodontal therapy is believed to induce a reduction in this marker.…”

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress before and after Using Laser and Photoactivation Therapy as Adjuvant of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Lipid peroxidation triggered by free radicals results in changes in the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes. Several lipid peroxidation products such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-HNE, and isoprostane have been used to assess both local and systemic oxidative damage associated with periodontitis [ 27 , 28 ]. 4-HNE is a major aldehyde end product associated with lipid peroxidation, but data on this biomarker in periodontitis are limited for now.…”

The Emerging Role of Salivary Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Prognostic Markers of Periodontitis: New Insights for a Personalized Approach in Dentistry

“…These parameters cannot highlight the beginning of the periodontitis process. For this reason, it is necessary to find predictable parameter variations to diagnose periodontal disease early [ 77 ]. Scientists are studying biomarkers that can be used for this goal.…”

“…Wei et al [ 107 ] and Yang et al [ 111 ] showed an increase in SOD activity in patients with periodontitis compared with the control groups. Moreover, SOD is positively correlated with the CAL, bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) [ 77 ]. It was seen by Wei et al [ 107 ] and Novakovic et al [ 112 ] that after scaling and root planning the level of SOD diminishes and GPX reaches the concentration present in the control group.…”