Salivary protein biomarkers associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review

Allen, Riley K.; Edelmann, Alexander R.; Abdulmajeed, Aous A.; Bencharit, Sompop

doi:10.1111/ocr.12258

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…This is, probably, the best method to avoid contamination of saliva with external factors together with minimizing any possible impact from eating. These findings are in opposition to a recently conducted similar systematic review which reported that most of the articles adopted the convenience of clinic and collection time [Allen et al, 2019].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

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Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Salivary proteins play an important role in repairing mechanisms of damaged tissues and the maintenance of oral health. However, there is a dearth of information in the literature regarding the concentrations of salivary proteins in caries-free (CF) and caries-active (CA) subjects. Hence, this systematic review was conducted to update our previous systematic review published in 2013 that aimed to assess the association between caries and salivary proteins by comparing CF and CA individuals. Thereby, evaluating the possibility of whether salivary proteins can be regarded as biomarkers for caries. An extensive search of studies was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, and Elsevier’s Scopus between July 2012 and January 2022, without any language restriction. Manual searching in Google Scholar and evaluation of bibliographies of the included studies were also undertaken. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) within the included studies. Of 22 included studies, 1,551 human subjects (range: 30–213 participants) were recruited, of which 848 individuals (54.7%) were CA and 703 (45.3%) were CF. Regarding the utilization of DMFT as the caries index, high variability was observed across different articles. A statistically significant increase in the salivary levels of alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, and mucin-1 was found in CA patients, while the salivary levels of carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin were observed to be significantly increased in CF subjects. Conflicting results were found regarding the salivary levels of immunoglobulin A and total proteins among CA and CF subjects. The included studies were categorized as low RoB (n = 15), medium RoB (n = 4), and high RoB (n = 3). Due to significant heterogeneity among the included studies, no meta-analysis could be performed. In conclusion, the salivary levels of protein(s) might be a useful biomarker for caries diagnosis, especially alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, mucin-1, carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin. However, their diagnostic value must be verified by large-scale prospective studies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…In agreement with previous reports [Al-Tarawneh et al, 2011;Allen et al, 2019], a high variation in the saliva sample size was observed in the included studies ranging between 33 and 213 subjects. Unlike the previous report [Al-Tarawneh et al, 2011], this review noticed a greater homogeneity regarding the saliva sample collection procedure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…These and various other molecules have been suggested as possible biomarkers in saliva or gingival crevicular fluid for monitoring or predicting OTM and possible side effects such as root resorptions. Allen et al identified 20 OTM-related biomarkers in saliva in their systematic review [14] and Alhadlaq 34 OTM-related biomarkers in GCF [15] with some biomarkers seeming to occur both in saliva and GCF (e.g., RANKL/OPG, leptin) and others not (e.g., apoE, CLU and CRISP-3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myeloid HIF1α Is Involved in the Extent of Orthodontically Induced Tooth Movement

et al. 2021

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During orthodontic tooth movement, transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is stabilised in the periodontal ligament. While HIF1α in periodontal ligament fibroblasts can be stabilised by mechanical compression, in macrophages pressure application alone is not sufficient to stabilise HIF1α. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of myeloid HIF1α during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement was performed in wildtype and Hif1αΔmyel mice lacking HIF1α expression in myeloid cells. Subsequently, µCT images were obtained to determine periodontal bone loss, extent of orthodontic tooth movement and bone density. RNA was isolated from the periodontal ligament of the control side and the orthodontically treated side, and the expression of genes involved in bone remodelling was investigated. The extent of tooth movement was increased in Hif1αΔmyel mice. This may be due to the lower bone density of the Hif1αΔmyel mice. Deletion of myeloid Hif1α was associated with increased expression of Ctsk and Acp5, while both Rankl and its decoy receptor Opg were increased. HIF1α from myeloid cells thus appears to play a regulatory role in orthodontic tooth movement.

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“…17 Another study by Allen et al examined salivary protein in orthodontic tooth movement, but it did not specifically target root resorption. 18 Hence, this scoping review addresses the gap in the literature to generate critical evidence related to biomarkers in all oral fluids (gingival crevicular fluid [GCF], saliva, blood) of patients showing root resorption, compared to no resorption or physiologic resorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in External Apical Root Resorption: An Evidence-based Scoping Review in Biofluids

Kapoor¹,

Chowdhry²,

Bagga³

et al. 2022

Rambam Maimonides Med J

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Background: External apical root resorption (EARR), an unwanted sequela of orthodontic treatment, is difficult to diagnose radiographically. Hence, the current scoping review was planned to generate critical evidence related to biomarkers in oral fluids, i.e. gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and blood, of patients showing root resorption, compared to no-resorption or physiologic resorption. Methods: A literature search was conducted in major databases along with a manual search of relevant articles in the library, and further search from references of the related articles in March 2021. The initial search was subjected to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Following PRISMA guidelines, 20 studies were included in the final review. The studies included human clinical trials and cross-sectional and prospective studies with/without control groups with no date/ language restriction. Various biomarkers identified in EARR included dentinal proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and salivary proteins. Severe resorption had higher dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and resorption protein concentrations as well as lower granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as compared with mild resorption. Increased DSP and dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) expression was found in physiologic resorption. Compared to controls, resorbed teeth showed a higher receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/ osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) ratio. In contrast, levels of anti-resorptive mediators (IL-1RA, IL-4) was significantly decreased. Differences in force levels (150 g and 100 g) showed no difference in resorption, but a significant rise in biomarkers (aspartate transaminase [AST] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) for 150 g force. Moderate to severe resorption in young patients showed a rise in specific salivary proteins, requiring further validation. Limitations of the studies were heterogeneity in study design, biomarker collection, sample selection, and confounding inflammatory conditions. Conclusions: Various biomarkers in biofluids indicate active resorption, while resorption severity was associated with DSP and GM-CSF in GCF, and a few salivary proteins. However, a robust study design in the future is mandated.

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Salivary protein biomarkers associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Myeloid HIF1α Is Involved in the Extent of Orthodontically Induced Tooth Movement

Biomarkers in External Apical Root Resorption: An Evidence-based Scoping Review in Biofluids

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