Salivary profile and dental status of patients with multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The MS patients may display biochemical changes in their cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood and saliva. Since the salivary profile plays a critical role in maintaining oral health and function, the analysis of saliva in the MS patients would be beneficial to prevent oral diseases, such as dental caries.Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental status and salivary profile of the MS patients. Material and methods.The study involved 25 MS patients and 25 healthy controls who were examined with regard to the calcium and phosphorus level, pH and flow rate of saliva as well as the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index for permanent first molars. Student' s t-test, the χ 2 test and the Mann-Whitney test were utilized to compare the study groups.Results. Significantly lower salivary flow rates were observed in the MS patients as compared to the controls. The salivary calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly higher in the case group during the first 6 years of the disease and 6-11 years after the onset of the disease, respectively, in comparison with the controls; however, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of pH. The DMFT index for permanent first molars was higher in the MS patients than in the healthy controls, but not significantly. The number of carious and missing permanent first molars was significantly higher in the MS patients. Conclusions.Multiple sclerosis appears to significantly change the salivary profile and dental status of the patients.

Central nervous system autoimmune diseases associated with COVID-19: Comprehensive review

“…According to reported cases, there are no signs of sphincter abnormalities in any of the COVID-19 patients developing ADEM. Brain MRI showed hyperintense lesions involving various locations such as cortical, subcortical, juxtacortical, deep white, and gray matter in these patients (6,51,54,78,79). Furthermore, CSF analyses were normal except for oligoclonal bands which were reported positive in some of the cases (7,51,78).…”

“…Acute Disseminating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) As a rare presentation of autoimmune inflammation of CNS, ADEM has been reported in numerous cases of COVID-19 with loss of consciousness, ataxia, and motor weakness (6,7,51,52,54,78,79). In most of these cases, deep tendon reflexes were depressed or asymmetric (6,52,54,79). Moreover, visual disturbances were reported in some of the cases (7,51).…”

“…CT results were usually indicative of pulmonary pneumonia in ADEM patients with COVID-19. In addition, dyspnea and fever were commonly seen in ADEM patients (6,7,54,78,79), while also some cases reported respiratory failure due to COVID-19 which required intubation (51, 52, 81). Overall, it seems that the severity of COVID-19 in patients manifesting autoimmune-related neurologic symptoms depends mostly on known factors linked with disease severity in normal patients, such as higher age and concomitant metabolic and heart diseases.…”

Expression of inflammatory mediators in biofilm samples and clinical association in multiple sclerosis patients in remission – a pilot study of case series

“…Furthermore, the calcium and phosphorus levels differed between the study and the control group (12).…”

The leprosy reaction is associated with salivary anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis IgA antibodies

“…Following fasting for 2 hours saliva collection was performed after mechanical stimulation with para lm chewing (Krasse 1988;Mortazavi et al 2020).…”