Introduction: The severity of COVID-19 may be correlated with the risk of liver injury development. An increasing number of studies indicate that degrees of hepatotoxicity has been associated with using some medications in the management of COVID-19 patients. However, limited studies had systematically investigated the evidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in COVID-19 patients. Thus, this study aimed to examine DILI in COVID-19 patients.Methods: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to December 30, 2020. Search items included “SARS-CoV-2”, “Coronavirus,” COVID-19, and liver injury.Results: We included 22 related articles. Among included studies, there was five case report, five case series, four randomizes control trial (RCT), seven cohort studies, and one cross-sectional study. The drugs included in this systematic review were remdesivir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. Among included studies, some studies revealed a direct role of drugs, while others couldn't certainly confirm that the liver injury was due to SARS-CoV-2 itself or administration of medications. However, a significant number of studies reported that liver injury could be attributable to drug administration.Discussion: Liver injury in COVID-19 patients could be caused by the virus itself or the administration of some types of drug. Intensive liver function monitoring should be considered for patients, especially patients who are treated with drugs such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and tocilizumab.

Although significant research has been done to find effective drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), no definite effective drug exists. Thus, research has now shifted towards immunomodulatory agents other than antivirals. In this review, we aim to describe the latest findings on the role of type I interferon (IFN)‐mediated innate antiviral response against SARS‐CoV‐2 and discuss the use of IFNs as a medication for COVID‐19. A growing body of evidence has indicated a promoting active but delayed IFNs response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in infected bronchial epithelial cells. Studies have demonstrated that IFNs' administration before the viral peak and the inflammatory phase of disease could offer a highly protective effect. However, IFNs' treatment during the inflammatory and severe stages of the disease causes immunopathology and long‐lasting harm for patients. Therefore, it is critical to note the best time window for IFNs' administration. Further investigation of the clinical effectiveness of interferon for patients with mild to severe COVID‐19 and its optimal timing and route of administration can be beneficial in finding a safe and effective antiviral therapy for the COVID‐19 disease.

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In order to design and perform the processes of nano- and microparticle production via supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), solubility data information of a solid solute such as a pharmaceutical component in SC-CO2 is principally needed. Therefore, a drug solubility, 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine (TRM), in SC-CO2 was determined at 308, 318, and 328 to 338 K from 12 to 27 MPa in the present study. Solubility in the mole fraction of TRM in SC-CO2 ranged between 0.42 × 10–5 and 1.83 × 10–5, 0.32 × 10–5 and 2.13 × 10–5, 0.09 × 10–5 and 2.34 × 10–5, and 0.03 × 10–5 and 2.89 × 10–5 at 308, 318, 328, and 338 K, respectively. According to the results, solubility data had correlation to the Peng–Robinson equation of state along with two parameters of van der Waals mixing rules and with models proposed by Méndez-Santiago and Teja, reformulated Charstil, Garlapati and Madras, Bian et al., Chrastil, Bartle et al., Sodeifian et al., and Tippana and Garlapati. It was found that correlation constants were temperature-independent in each model. Further, thermodynamic parameters such as heat of reaction, sublimation, and solvation of the compound were estimated.

Solubilities of amlodipine besylate, a calcium channel blocker drug, in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) were measured for the first time in the temperature range of (308, 318, 328 and 338) K and the pressure range of (12 to 27) MPa with an equilibrium cell. Measured solubilities (in mole fraction) were in the range of 4.15 × 10

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