Salivary microbial diversity at different stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Guo, Ying; Xia, Wei; Wei, Feili; Wei, Feng; Duan, Junyi; Sun, Xintong; Yu, Yixi; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Baojin; Cao, Jie; Li, Weidi; Dong, Haozhi; Guo, Shan; Zhang, Fengqiu; Huang, Xiaojie; Sun, Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104913

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In this regard, Lewy et al [ 19 ] have reported that enhanced serum level of HIV RNA is associated with an increasing trend in Prevotella and Veillonella , accompanied by decline in the Streptococcus and Lactobacillus count. This indicates a possible risk of developing periodontal diseases; however, Guo et al [ 24 ] have failed to demonstrate a relationship between the periodontal status and different stages of the disease. In addition, they have exhibited a decreasing pattern in the Porphyromonas population during the increase in the blood viral load of HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Association of Oral Bacterial Profile with HBV and HCV Infection and T Lymphocyte Level in HIV-Positive Patients

Lavaee

Modaresi

Amookhteh

et al. 2022

International Journal of Dentistry

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Background. This study was aimed to determine the oral bacterial profile of HIV-positive patients and their correlation with T lymphocyte and CD4 count and hepatitis B and C incidence. Methods. In this study, 73 patients who were diagnosed HIV-positive and were referred to Shiraz HIV research center for routine dental treatment were enrolled. Demographic data including sex, ethnicity, CD4+ T cell, and T lymphocyte counts were collected from their medical records. Supragingival dental plaque and samples from the dorsal of the tongue were collected by sterile swabs. These samples were transferred to the microbiology laboratory of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. After primary biochemical test of cultured samples, assessment of bacterial biofilms was done by DNA extraction. Real-time PCR with specific primer of each bacterial species was done, and assessment of the results of real time PCR led to determination of the species of the evaluated bacteria. The correlation of bacterial prevalence with hepatitis B and C was evaluated by chi-square test. Furthermore, Mann–Whitney test was used to evaluate the association of bacterial species prevalence with CD4 and T lymphocyte level. Results. The prevalence of none of the detected bacteria had statistically significant relationship with hepatitis C, except for Peptostreptococcaceae ( p value = 0.016) in the tongue plaque and Leptotrichia ( p value = 0.022) in dental plaque. None of the evaluated bacteria showed any significant association with CD4 and T lymphocytes level, except for Kingella ( p value = 0.025, 0.019, respectively), and also no significant correlation was reported with CD4, except for Gemella ( p value = 0.021) and Campylobacter gracilis ( p value = 0.029). Conclusions. The diversity of the detected bacteria was more in dental plaque, while their density was more noticeable in the tongue plaque. No significant correlation was found between the prevalence of most of the detected bacteria and CD4 level and T lymphocyte level and incidence of hepatitis B and C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is indicates a possible risk of developing periodontal diseases; however, Guo et al [24] have failed to demonstrate a relationship between the periodontal status and different stages of the disease. In addition, they have exhibited a decreasing pattern in the Porphyromonas population during the increase in the blood viral load of HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Association of Oral Bacterial Profile with HBV and HCV Infection and T Lymphocyte Level in HIV-Positive Patients

Lavaee

Modaresi

Amookhteh

et al. 2022

International Journal of Dentistry

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“…Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study comparing the salivary virobiota of untreated HIV-infected patients according to the disease stages. Although this is a new perspective, it was conducted to further the study of the changes in salivary bacterial community with the disease progression of HIV infection ( 7 ). With metagenomic analysis, which offers a high power of decision making ( 25 ), differences in the composition and function of salivary virobiota between the five groups were revealed, indicating that they may be closely related to the oral mucosal lesions of MSM with HIV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, the diversity of salivary microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in PLWH was investigated by16S rRNA and 18S rRNA analyses. There were significant changes in the alphadiversity of oral bacteria in the saliva between HIV-infected and non-infected patients before receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) (5)(6)(7). After ART, the overall difference in salivary bacteria between the HIV-positive and -negative individuals was small; changes in certain bacterial genera showed little effect on the diversity of the oral microbiome (8,9), but there were significant differences in the oral fungal genera of HIVpositive individuals (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Underrated Salivary Virome of Men Who Have Sex With Men Infected With HIV

et al. 2021

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Salivary virome is important for oral ecosystem, but there are few reports on people living with HIV. We performed metagenomic sequencing to compare composition and functional genes of salivary virobiota between one HIV-negative and four HIV-positive groups in which participants were all men who have sex with men (MSM) with different immunosuppression statuses (five samples per group) to find the evidence that salivary virobiota plays a role in the pathogenesis of oral disease. Acute-stage subjects achieved a positive result of HIV RNA, but HIV antibody negative or indeterminate, whereas individuals with mild, moderate, and severe immunosuppression exhibited CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of at least 500, 200–499, and less than 200 cells/μL or opportunistic infection, respectively. The results showed the composition of salivary virus genera in subjects with mild immunosuppression was the most similar to that in healthy people, followed by that in the acute stage; under severe immunosuppression, virus genera were suppressed and more similar to that under moderate immunosuppression. Furthermore, abnormally high abundance of Lymphocryptovirus was particularly obvious in MSM with HIV infection. Analysis of KEGG Pathway revealed that Caulobacter cell cycle, which affects cell duplication, became shorter in HIV-positive subjects. It is worth noting that in acute-stage participants, protein digestion and absorption related to the anti-HIV-1 activity of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor was increased. Moreover, in the severely immunosuppressed subjects, glutathione metabolism, which is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, was enhanced. Nevertheless, the ecological dysbiosis in HIV-positive salivary virobiota possibly depended on the changes in blood viral load, and salivary dysfunction of MSM infected with HIV may be related to CD4 counts. Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase subunit M1 in purine metabolism was negatively correlated, though weakly, to CD4 counts, which may be related to the promotion of HIV-1 DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes. 7-Cyano-7-deazaguanine synthase in folate biosynthesis was weakly positively correlated with HIV viral load, suggesting that this compound was produced excessively to correct oral dysfunction for maintaining normal cell development. Despite the limited number of samples, the present study provided insight into the potential role of salivary virome in the oral function of HIV infected MSM.

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“…Alterations in oral bacterial communities and virome in HIVinfected individuals have been reported in many studies (4,5,(20)(21)(22). The possible reasons for oral microbiome dysbiosis might be the disrupted oral immunity caused by HIV infection, including changes in secretory components in saliva, deficiency of innate immune responses and adaptive immune responses (5).…”

Section: The Oral Mycobiome In Hiv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

Yang

Moog

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might have effects on both the human bacteriome and mycobiome. Although many studies have focused on alteration of the bacteriome in HIV infection, only a handful of studies have also characterized the composition of the mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals. Studies have shown that compromised immunity in HIV infection might contribute to the development of opportunistic fungal infections. Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), opportunistic fungal infections continue to be a major cause of HIV-related mortality. Human immune responses are known to play a critical role in controlling fungal infections. However, the effect of HIV infection on innate and adaptive antifungal immunity remains unclear. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the fungal microbiota composition and common fungal diseases in the setting of HIV. Moreover, we discuss innate and adaptive antifungal immunity in HIV infection.

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Salivary microbial diversity at different stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Evaluation of Association of Oral Bacterial Profile with HBV and HCV Infection and T Lymphocyte Level in HIV-Positive Patients

Evaluation of Association of Oral Bacterial Profile with HBV and HCV Infection and T Lymphocyte Level in HIV-Positive Patients

The Underrated Salivary Virome of Men Who Have Sex With Men Infected With HIV

Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

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