Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

Li, Shuang; Yang, Xiaodong; Moog, Christiane; Wu, Hao; Su, Bin; Zhang, Tong

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015775

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(193 reference statements)

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“…Disrupting the fungal environment has been shown to cause irritable bowel syndrome, coeliac disease, and pancreatic disorders, displaying the importance that these fungi play in maintaining one’s health [ 34 ]. Disruptions by viruses such as hepatitis B and HIV even affect systems outside of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the immune and hepatic systems, which can cause extensive disease and morbidity [ 35 , 36 ]. There are harmful fungi that can disrupt the gastrointestinal tract that have also been linked to disease, such as how an increase in Malassezia restricta is linked with Crohn’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Gut Mycobiomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Esposito

Patsakos

Borruso

2023

JoF

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Although the human bacteriome and virome have gained a great deal of attention over the years, the human mycobiome has been far more neglected despite having significant value and implications in human health. In women, mycobiome profiles in breastmilk, vaginal regions, the gut, skin, and the oral cavity can provide insight into women’s health, diseases, and microbiome dysbiosis. Analyses of mycobiome composition under factors, such as health, age, diet, weight, and drug exposure (including antibiotic therapies), help to elucidate the various roles of women’s mycobiome in homeostasis, microbiome interactions (synergistic and antagonistic), and health. This review summarizes the most recent updates to mycobiome knowledge in these critical areas.

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Section: Gut Mycobiomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Esposito

Patsakos

Borruso

2023

JoF

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“…These alterations are commonly referred to as microbial dysbiosis. Collectively, studies in adults PLWH (ALWH) have shown a decrease in bacterial ( 12 ) and fungal diversity ( 15 , 16 ), an expansion of the virome ( 9 , 17 ), an increase in pathobionts and a decrease in anti-inflammatory commensals ( 14 ), compared with seronegative individuals. Microbial dysbiosis is partially restored by ART.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct fecal microbial signatures are linked to sex and chronic immune activation in pediatric HIV infection

Rosel-Pech,

Pinto-Cardoso,

Chávez-Torres

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionOur understanding of HIV-associated gut microbial dysbiosis in children perinatally-infected with HIV (CLWH) lags behind that of adults living with HIV. Childhood represents a critical window for the gut microbiota. Any disturbances, including prolonged exposure to HIV, antiretroviral drugs, and antibiotics are likely to have a significant impact on long-term health, resulting in a less resilient gut microbiome. The objective of our study was to characterize the gut microbiota in CLWH, and compare it with HIV-unexposed and -uninfected children.MethodsWe enrolled 31 children aged 3 to 15 years; 15 were CLWH and 16 were HUU. We assessed dietary patterns and quality; quantified soluble and cellular markers of HIV disease progression by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent and multiplex-bead assays, and profiled the gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing. We explored relationships between the gut microbiota, antibiotic exposure, dietary habits, soluble and cellular markers and host metadata.ResultsChildren had a Western-type diet, their median health eating index score was 67.06 (interquartile range 58.76-74.66). We found no discernable impact of HIV on the gut microbiota. Alpha diversity metrics did not differ between CLWH and HUU. Sex impacted the gut microbiota (R-squared= 0.052, PERMANOVA p=0.024). Male children had higher microbial richness compared with female children. Two taxa were found to discriminate female from male children independently from HIV status: Firmicutes for males, and Bacteroides for females. Markers of HIV disease progression were comparable between CLWH and HUU, except for the frequency of exhausted CD4+ T cells (PD-1+) which was increased in CLWH (p=0.0024 after adjusting for confounders). Both the frequency of exhausted CD4+ and activated CD4+ T cells (CD38+ HLADR+) correlated positively with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (rho=0.568. false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p= 0.029, and rho=0.62, FDR-adjusted p=0.0126, respectively).ConclusionThe gut microbiota of CLWH appears similar to that of HUU, and most markers of HIV disease progression are normalized with long-term ART, suggesting a beneficial effect of the latter on the gut microbial ecology. The relationship between exhausted and activated CD4+ T cells and Proteobacteria suggests a connection between the gut microbiome, and premature aging in CLWH.

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Major depletion of insulin sensitivity-associated taxa in the gut microbiome of persons living with HIV controlled by antiretroviral drugs

Belda,

Capeau,

Zucker

et al. 2024

BMC Med Genomics

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Background Persons living with HIV (PWH) harbor an altered gut microbiome (higher abundance of Prevotella and lower abundance of Bacillota and Ruminococcus lineages) compared to non-infected individuals. Some of these alterations are linked to sexual preference and others to the HIV infection. The relationship between these lineages and metabolic alterations, often present in aging PWH, has been poorly investigated. Methods In this study, we compared fecal metagenomes of 25 antiretroviral-treatment (ART)-controlled PWH to three independent control groups of 25 non-infected matched individuals by means of univariate analyses and machine learning methods. Moreover, we used two external datasets to validate predictive models of PWH classification. Next, we searched for associations between clinical and biological metabolic parameters with taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles. Finally, we compare the gut microbiome in 7 PWH after a 17-week ART switch to raltegravir/maraviroc. Results Three major enterotypes (Prevotella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae) were present in all groups. The first Prevotella enterotype was enriched in PWH, with several of characteristic lineages associated with poor metabolic profiles (low HDL and adiponectin, high insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)). Conversely butyrate-producing lineages were markedly depleted in PWH independently of sexual preference and were associated with a better metabolic profile (higher HDL and adiponectin and lower HOMA-IR). Accordingly with the worst metabolic status of PWH, butyrate production and amino-acid degradation modules were associated with high HDL and adiponectin and low HOMA-IR. Random Forest models trained to classify PWH vs. control on taxonomic abundances displayed high generalization performance on two external holdout datasets (ROC AUC of 80–82%). Finally, no significant alterations in microbiome composition were observed after switching to raltegravir/maraviroc. Conclusion High resolution metagenomic analyses revealed major differences in the gut microbiome of ART-controlled PWH when compared with three independent matched cohorts of controls. The observed marked insulin resistance could result both from enrichment in Prevotella lineages, and from the depletion in species producing butyrate and involved into amino-acid degradation, which depletion is linked with the HIV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-024-01978-5.

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Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity

Cited by 4 publications

References 165 publications

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Distinct fecal microbial signatures are linked to sex and chronic immune activation in pediatric HIV infection

Major depletion of insulin sensitivity-associated taxa in the gut microbiome of persons living with HIV controlled by antiretroviral drugs

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