Salivary levels of phosphorus and urea as indices of their plasma levels in nephropathic patients

Bilancio, Giancarlo; Cavallo, Pierpaolo; Lombardi, Cinzia; Guarino, Ermanno; Cozza, Vincenzo; Giordano, Francesco; Palladino, Giuseppe; Cirillo, Massimo

doi:10.1002/jcla.22449

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This is an observational study that was performed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local institutional Ethics Committees (n. 5/2012 and 4/2013). The study was included in a collaboration project developed by the Italian Space Agency ( Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , ASI) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for investigation on the use of saliva in the monitoring of metabolic changes during space mission (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=304), [19, 20]. The study enrolled healthy volunteers of the department personnel for analyses on methodological aspects and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) of the outpatient clinic of the University Hospital for analyses on associations saliva/plasma as previously reported [19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva for assessing creatinine, uric acid, and potassium in nephropathic patients

et al. 2019

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Background Lab tests on saliva could be useful because of low invasivity. Previous reports indicated that creatinine, uric acid, and potassium are measurable in saliva. For these analytes the study investigated methodology of saliva tests and correlations between plasma and saliva levels. Methods The study enrolled 15 healthy volunteers for methodological analyses and 42 nephropathic patients for plasma-saliva correlations (35 non-dialysis and 7 dialysis). Saliva was collected by synthetic swap right after venipuncture for blood withdrawal. Blood and saliva, unless otherwise indicated, were collected early in the morning after overnight fast and lab tests were performed in fresh samples by automated biochemistry (standard). Methodological analyses included blind duplicates, different collection mouth sites, day-to-day variability, different collection times, and freezing-thawing effects. Analyses on plasma-saliva correlations included post-dialysis changes. Results For saliva lab tests of all analytes, blind duplicates, samples from different mouth sites or of different days were not significantly different but were significantly correlated (differences ≤14.4%; R ≥ 0.620, P ≤ 0.01). For all analytes, mid-morning saliva had lower levels than but correlated with standard saliva (differences ≥15.8%; R ≥ 0.728, P ≤ 0.01). Frozen-thawed saliva had lower levels than fresh saliva for uric acid only (− 17.2%, P < 0.001). Frozen-thawed saliva correlated with fresh saliva for all analytes (R ≥ 0.818, P ≤ 0.001). Saliva and plasma levels differed but correlated with plasma for creatinine (R = 0.874, P < 0.001), uric acid (R = 0.821, P < 0.001) and potassium (R = 0.767, P < 0.001). Post-dialysis changes in saliva paralleled post-dialysis changes in plasma. Conclusion Saliva levels of creatinine, uric acid, and potassium are measurable and correlated with their plasma levels. Early morning fasting fresh saliva samples are advisable because later collection times or freezing lower the saliva levels of these analytes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva for assessing creatinine, uric acid, and potassium in nephropathic patients

et al. 2019

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“…Saliva mainly consists of water, which represents up to 99% of its total volume. In addition, studies on human and veterinary species have reported that saliva also contains compounds such as phosphorus (P), lactate, cholesterol, fatty acids, glucose, hormones such as cortisol, triglycerides, urea and uric acid [1, 2]. In addition, saliva has enzymes such as salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), lipase, carbonic anhydrase, adenosine deaminase (ADA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), among others [3–8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

et al. 2019

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Background The biochemical components of saliva can change in certain pathologies in horses, for example in acute abdominal disease. The aim of this study was (1) to evaluate if a panel of biochemical analytes usually used in serum can be measured in saliva of horses and (2) to study the possible changes of these biochemical analytes in saliva of horses affected by acute abdominal disease. A panel of 23 analytes was analytically validated in saliva of horses and possible changes in these analytes in a pilot study with six healthy horses and six horses with acute abdominal disease were evaluated. The analytes with significant changes were then evaluated in a larger population of 20 healthy and 37 diseased horses. Results Seven analytes showed significant increases in the pilot study which were confirmed in the larger population. The analytes which showed significant changes, and their median fold increase and significance shown in the larger population were salivary γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT, 2.3 fold, P = 0.001), creatine kinase (CK, 6.2 fold, P < 0.001), urea (2.3 fold, P = 0.001), total bilirubin (2.6 fold, P < 0.001), total proteins (3.2 fold, P < 0.001), phosphorus (P, 4.5 fold, P < 0.001) and alpha-amylase (sAA, 8.5 fold, P < 0.001). Total proteins, P and sAA showed sensitivities higher than 70% at their optimal cut-off points and a specificity of 100% in differentiating between healthy horses and those with acute abdominal disease. Conclusions A panel of 23 biochemical analytes can be measured in saliva of horses, where gGT, CK, urea, total bilirubin, total protein, P and sAA levels are raised in horses with acute abdominal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Comparing the salivary urea of nephropathic individuals with normal individuals, it was identified in the first hour of fasting that the two samples presented a very high value when compared to blood urea [52]. Bearing in mind the investigation and the need for greater scientific confirmation regarding a special group of individuals such as those in this study, our findings are consistent with previous reports, even though in other categories we infer that it is important to highlight the possibility of using salivary creatinine and urea analysis for diagnosis and evaluation, not only of chronic kidney disease but also of acute renal disease, especially in polytrauma patients [18,19,52,53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to all the aforementioned functions, calcium, along with other minerals, promotes the maintenance of the isoelectric point of proteins, bone mineralization, transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance of the contraction mechanism and relaxation of the muscles, and also regulation of the ionic balance effect in enamel remineralization [52,65], thus guaranteeing temporary oral health in the patient. Because it is a transient state of high calcium, it also increases individuals’ susceptibility to dental calculus formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sialochemical analysis in polytraumatized patients in intensive care units

et al. 2019

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The profiles of polytraumatized patients in intensive care units were characterized. Serum and salivary markers were compared with normality between Classes I and II of APACHE II and between periods of hospitalization; these results were correlated. This was a prospective study on saliva charts and collection (n = 70). Profile: male, 27 years old, blunt traumas and collisions. Serum parameters with normality: decrease in pH, creatinine at admission to Class I, and at 48 and 72 hours in both classes; K+ at 48 h in Class II; Ca+ on admission in both classes and at 72 h in Class I. Increase in urea at 72 h in Class II, glucose at all times and in all classes, and Ca+ at 48 h in both classes. Class II had high Na+ at 48 and 72 h compared to Class I. In Class I, creatinine reduction occurred in 48 h and 72 h compared to admission and an increase of Ca+ at 48 h with admission. In Class II, pH and Na+ increased at 48 h and 72 h compared to admission. K+ decreased from admission to 48 h and increased from 48 h to 72 h. Urea increased from 48 to 72 hours. Creatinine decreased from admission to 48 and 72 hours. Ca+ increased from admission to 48 hours and decreased from 48 to 72 hours. There was an increase in the saliva levels in both classes and times in relation to normality. There was an increase in urea at admission, glucose at 72 h, and Ca+ at 48 h in Class II compared with Class I. Class I urea increased from admission to 48 h and Ca+ decreased from admission to 48 h. Class II urea decreased from 48 h to 72 h. Strong or very strong positive correlation was identified between blood and creatinine saliva at all times and regular and negative Ca+ at 72 h. This study provides evidence that salivary and serum biomarkers can be used together to monitor the evolution of the clinical symptoms of ICU patients.

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Salivary levels of phosphorus and urea as indices of their plasma levels in nephropathic patients

Abstract: S-Pho and S-Urea reflect plasma phosphorus and plasma urea. Early morning fasting fresh samples are advisable because collection time and freezing-thawing affect saliva tests.

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Saliva for assessing creatinine, uric acid, and potassium in nephropathic patients

Saliva for assessing creatinine, uric acid, and potassium in nephropathic patients

Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

Sialochemical analysis in polytraumatized patients in intensive care units

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