Changes in saliva analytes in equine acute abdominal disease: a sialochemistry approach

Abstract

Background The biochemical components of saliva can change in certain pathologies in horses, for example in acute abdominal disease. The aim of this study was (1) to evaluate if a panel of biochemical analytes usually used in serum can be measured in saliva of horses and (2) to study the possible changes of these biochemical analytes in saliva of horses affected by acute abdominal disease. A panel of 23 analytes was analytically validated in saliva of horses and possible changes in these analytes in a pilot study with six healthy horses and six horses with acute abdominal disease were evaluated. The analytes with significant changes were then evaluated in a larger population of 20 healthy and 37 diseased horses. Results Seven analytes showed significant increases in the pilot study which were confirmed in the larger population. The analytes which showed significant changes, and their median fold increase and significance shown in the larger population were salivary γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT, 2.3 fold, P = 0.001), creatine kinase (CK, 6.2 fold, P < 0.001), urea (2.3 fold, P = 0.001), total bilirubin (2.6 fold, P < 0.001), total proteins (3.2 fold, P < 0.001), phosphorus (P, 4.5 fold, P < 0.001) and alpha-amylase (sAA, 8.5 fold, P < 0.001). Total proteins, P and sAA showed sensitivities higher than 70% at their optimal cut-off points and a specificity of 100% in differentiating between healthy horses and those with acute abdominal disease. Conclusions A panel of 23 biochemical analytes can be measured in saliva of horses, where gGT, CK, urea, total bilirubin, total protein, P and sAA levels are raised in horses with acute abdominal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1933-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions to four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

“…In our report, ADA1 was the main contributor to the tADA activity in both serum and saliva. It was in agreement with a recent report [33] but in contrast with a previous one that found ADA2 as the predominant form in porcine saliva [43]. In saliva, signi cant increases were found in tADA and ADA1 in pigs with lameness compared with healthy pigs, but these were not detected in serum.…”

“…In animals, increased tADA activity in saliva has been described in bitches with pyometra [32] and pigs with lameness [26], probably due to the presence of a systemic in ammatory process. Recently, tADA has been measured in saliva from sheep, cow, and horses [33,34,35].…”

Exercise Induced Changes in Salivary and Serum Metabolome in Trained Standardbred, Assessed by 1H-NMR

“…However, serum is only one of the biofluids suitable for scientific research in the field of sport medicine. A special interest was recently pointed towards the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid both in human and veterinary medicine [9,10]. It is well known that saliva composition can be affected by systemic disorders and may reflect general metabolic changes [11].…”

“…It is well known that saliva composition can be affected by systemic disorders and may reflect general metabolic changes [11]. When compared with other biological samples, saliva has the advantage of being easily collected by non-invasive and non-stressful procedures, which is extremely important when sampling animals [9]. The composition of saliva is 99% water but it also contains several compounds such as hormones, glucose, lactate, fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and phosphorus [9].…”

“…When compared with other biological samples, saliva has the advantage of being easily collected by non-invasive and non-stressful procedures, which is extremely important when sampling animals [9]. The composition of saliva is 99% water but it also contains several compounds such as hormones, glucose, lactate, fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and phosphorus [9]. Metabolites, enzymes, proteins and minerals have been found in saliva samples collected from humans, pigs, sheep and horses [9,[12][13][14][15][16][17].…”