Exercise Induced Changes in Salivary and Serum Metabolome in Trained Standardbred, Assessed by 1H-NMR

Abstract

In the present study, data related to the metabolomics of saliva and serum in trained standardbred horses are provided for the first time. Metabolomic analysis allows to analyze all the metabolites within selected biofluids, providing a better understanding of biochemistry modifications related to exercise. On the basis of the current advances observed in metabolomic research on human athletes, we aimed to investigate the metabolites’ profile of serum and saliva samples collected from healthy standardbred horses and the relationship with physical exercise. Twelve trained standardbred horses were sampled for blood and saliva before (T0) and immediately after (T1) standardized exercise. Metabolomic analysis of both samples was performed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Forty-six metabolites in serum and 62 metabolites in saliva were detected, including alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates and purine derivatives. Twenty-six and 14 metabolites resulted to be significantly changed between T0 and T1 in serum and saliva, respectively. The findings of 2-hydroxyisobutyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in serum and GABA in equine saliva, as well as their modifications following exercise, provide new insights about the physiology of exercise in athletic horses. Glycerol might represent a novel biomarker for fitness evaluation in sport horses.

Effects of exercise on NAFLD using non-targeted metabolomics in adipose tissue, plasma, urine, and stool

“…Tyrosine could then be used as a catecholamine precursor, which plays a vital role in improving athletic performance and regulates lipolysis in AT 45 , 46 . Therefore, the reduced levels of phenylalanine compared to tyrosine could imply increased tyrosine production to account for the need for catecholamines during exercise 47 .…”

Salivary biglycan-neo-epitope-BGN262: A novel surrogate biomarker for equine osteoarthritic sub-chondral bone sclerosis and to monitor the effect of short-term training and surface arena

“…Several OA biomarkers in serum and SF, such as cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), collagen type I and II and aggrecan have been shown to respond to exercise in humans and horses [ 27 , 35 ]. Stress biomarkers such as cortisol and metabolic biomarkers have been assessed in humans and equine saliva for evaluation of the impact of training and exercise programs [ [36] , [37] , [38] ]. However, biomarkers indicating the effect of exercise on joint tissue integrity both in health and disease are lacking.…”

Salivary analysis to unveil the paradigma of stress of domestic horses reared in the wild

“…blood), saliva has the advantage of being easily collected by non-invasive and non-stressful procedures, which is extremely important when sampling animals. 5 Recently, some salivary markers including cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) have demonstrated the potential to make diagnosis of chronic stress or to discriminate between stress, anxiety and depressive disorders in people. 4,6 Salivary cortisol has been used in most studies for the assessment of adrenocortical response to potentially stressful situations in horses 7 so that it is recognized as an indicator of acute stress.…”