Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood

Blair, Clancy; Granger, Douglas A.; Willoughby, Michael T.; Mills‐Koonce, W. Roger; Cox, Martha J.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Kivlighan, Katie T.; Fortunato, Christine

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x

Cited by 497 publications

(571 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…54 Lower cortisol levels have been shown to mediate the relationship between positive parenting and better executive function (EF), as well as the relationship between higher SES and better child EF. 53 These findings thus suggest that, above and beyond material deprivation, exposure to family stress, and resultant effects on the HPA axis, could contribute to alterations in PFC development.…”

Section: Prefrontal Cortex: Executive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

2016

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In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.

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Section: Prefrontal Cortex: Executive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

2016

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“…2,14 It is important to emphasize to parents that the higherorder thinking skills and executive functions essential for school success, such as task persistence, impulse control, emotion regulation, and creative, flexible thinking, are best taught through unstructured and social (not digital) play, 15 as well as responsive parent-child interactions. 16 Digital books (also called "eBooks, " books that can be read on a screen) often come with interactive enhancements that, research suggests, may decrease child comprehension of content or parent dialogic reading interactions when visual effects are distracting. 17 Parents should, therefore, be instructed to interact with children during eBook reading, as they would a print book.…”

Section: Preschool Media and Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media and Young Minds

Hill¹,

Ameenuddin²,

Chassiakos³

et al. 2016

Pediatrics

844

342

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Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers are now growing up in environments saturated with a variety of traditional and new technologies, which they are adopting at increasing rates. Although there has been much hope for the educational potential of interactive media for young children, accompanied by fears about their overuse during this crucial period of rapid brain development, research in this area still remains limited. This policy statement reviews the existing literature on television, videos, and mobile/interactive technologies; their potential for educational benefit; and related health concerns for young children (0 to 5 years of age). The statement also highlights areas in which pediatric providers can offer specific guidance to families in managing their young children’s media use, not only in terms of content or time limits, but also emphasizing the importance of parent–child shared media use and allowing the child time to take part in other developmentally healthy activities.

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“…Such experiences are related to dysfunctional stress reactivity processes in young children, while also affecting neural circuitry, physiological regulation, and metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunological systems (Coley, Lynch, & Kull, 2015). These consequences in turn affect short-and long-term health and development (Blair et al, 2011;Meaney, 2010;Carlo et al, 2012). In addition, insensitive, unresponsive, and inconsistent parents encourage insecure attachment (Kerns, Schlegelmilch, Morgan, & Abraham, 2005).…”

Section: Parenting and Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vínculos familiares e inclusión social. Variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial en la infancia

2018

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Título:Vínculos familiares e inclusión social. Variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial en la infancia. Resumen: Los objetivos de esta investigación son analizar las relaciones de la conducta prosocial con variables del entorno familiar (apego y abandono del padre y de la madre), variables personales (inestabilidad emocional, agresividad y afrontamiento ante situaciones estresantes) y variables del entorno social próximo (aceptación y rechazo por los pares); además, estudiar las variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial. La conducta prosocial constituye un factor de protección personal que fomenta relaciones positivas entre los pares y promueve comportamientos de adaptación personal y social (Mikolajewski, Chavarria, Moltisanti, Hart & Taylor, 2014). Han participado 1447 niños/as (50.4% varones y 49.6% mujeres). Tienen entre 7 y 12 años (M = 9.27; DT = 1.36). Los resultados comprueban las relaciones positivas de la conducta prosocial con apego (padre y madre), afrontamiento funcional y aceptación por los pares. Asimismo, muestran las relaciones negativas de la conducta prosocial con abandono (padre y madre), inestabilidad emocional, agresividad, afrontamiento disfuncional y rechazo por los pares. Las variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial son, en positivo, apego de la madre, afrontamiento funcional y expectativas de aceptación por los pares; y, en negativo, son inestabilidad emocional, agresividad física y verbal, y expectativas de rechazo por los pares. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas. Palabras clave: conducta prosocial; vínculos paternos; afrontamiento; agresividad; inestabilidad emocional; relaciones con los pares. Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosocial behavior and family environment variables (attachment to the mother and father and abandonment by the mother and father), personal variables (emotional instability, aggression, and coping strategies), and variables that relate to the immediate social environment (peer acceptance and rejection). This study also examined the predictors of prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is a personal protective factor that encourages positive relationships between peers and promotes personal and social adjustment behaviors (Mikolajewski, Chavarria, Moltisanti, Hart & Taylor, 2014). A study with a sample of 1,447 children (50.4% male and 49.6% female) aged between 7 and 12 years (M = 9.27; SD = 1.36) was conducted. The results confirmed the positive relationships between prosocial behavior and parental attachment, functional coping, and peer acceptance. The results also confirmed the negative relationships between prosocial behavior and abandonment by the parents, emotional instability, aggression, dysfunctional coping, and peer rejection. The positive predictor variables for prosocial behavior were attachment to the mother, functional coping, and expectations of peer acceptance. The negative predictor variables for prosocial behavior were emotional instability, physical and verbal aggression, an...

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Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood

Cited by 497 publications

References 81 publications

State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain

Media and Young Minds

Vínculos familiares e inclusión social. Variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial en la infancia

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