Salivary Biomarkers in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome—A Systematic Review

Abstract

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by dry mouth and dry eyes, with lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands. Saliva is becoming a useful tool to determine the clinical and pathological characteristics of SS because the collection method is easy and non-invasive. Since 1900, salivary proteomic analysis has been performed continuously using a variety of optimized analytical methods. Many studies have identified distinct characteristics of salivary proteins in patients with primary SS, and the changes were related to chronic inflammation and overproduction of immunoglobulins or downregulated secretory function. Several proteomic studies using whole or parotid saliva have evaluated whether several salivary proteins can be used to discriminate SS, including salivary β2-microglobulin, calprotectin, carbonic anhydrase VI, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-5, and tripartite motif-containing protein 29. In addition, salivary proinflammatory cytokine levels have been reported to be increased in patients with SS. Although these candidate salivary proteins have exhibited considerable differences in patients with SS, more data are needed to confirm their role as biomarkers. Moreover, the identification of salivary characteristics that can accurately reflect disease activity, predict treatment response and prognosis, and diagnose SS is anticipated.

An Overview of the Dry Eye Disease in Sjögren’s Syndrome Using Our Current Molecular Understanding

“…Other salivary biomarkers under study include salivary B-2 microglobulin (B2m), salivary lactoferrin, salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), salivary soluble sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-5, salivary autoantibodies, salivary calprotectin, salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, and salivary adiponectin [ 112 ].…”

“…It modulates secretion in salivary acinar cells. The AUC for anti-M3R antibodies in saliva was 0.84 and in plasma, 0.95 [ 112 ].…”

“…The salivary adiponectin is secreted by the salivary glands, which are located in adipose tissue, and, along with adenosine deaminase (ADA), is involved in the development of B and T lymphocytes and monocyte differentiation. In pSS, they have been found to correlate with IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-alpha [ 112 ].…”

“…The siglec-5′s role is not clearly determined in pSS, but it is still found at elevated levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pSS patients. Finally, S100 proteins, including calprotectin (S100A8/A9), are known to increase proinflammatory cytokines and modulate the inflammatory response in various autoimmune conditions, such as pSS and RA [ 112 ].…”

Genômica funcional: engenharia reversa por meio de métodos de altaperformance na saliva e sangue de pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren

“…A saliva apresenta um alto potencial de utilização na busca de biomarcadores que sejam capazes de auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. Além de ser um fluido de coleta simples e não invasiva, sua constituição pode refletir a composição do sangue e o estado fisiológico do organismo pelos diversos componentes presentes no fluido salivar como metabólitos, enzimas, proteínas, hormônios, anticorpos e agentes antimicrobianos que refletem variações metabólicas, hormonais e nutricionais (Katsiougiannis;Wong, 2016;Castagnola et al, 2017;J.-Y. Jung et al, 2021).…”