Salivary and Urinary Total Antioxidant Capacity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans

Abstract

Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is a biomarker often used in order to investigate oxidative stress in many pathological conditions. Saliva and urine can be collected noninvasively and represent attractive diagnostic fluids for detecting biomarkers of various pathological conditions. The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that measured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that diseases, antioxidant foods, or supplements and age, gender, and lifestyle factors influenced salivary or urinary TAC. Salivary and urinary TAC were particularly affected by oral or renal status, respectively, as well as by infection; therefore these factors must be taken into account in both case-control and intervention studies. Furthermore, some considerations on sample collection and normalization strategies could be made. In particular, unstimulated saliva could be the better approach to measure salivary TAC, whereas 24 h or spontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basis of the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance. Finally, the uric acid-independent TAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox status of body, in particular after nutritional interventions and in diseases associated with hyperuricaemia.

Evaluation of the Salivary Level of Mir-21 in Cigarette Smokers: Case-Control Study

“…First, unstimulated whole saliva sample is a better approach than stimulated saliva for measuring these markers. Age, gender, lifestyle and diseases could influence their levels (3) .…”

“…Detecting salivary biomarkers is a promising non-invasive field for screening and diagnosing oral cancer (2,3) . These biomarkers will be more valuable for detecting early epithelial changes especially in high risk individuals (1,2) .…”

Recent Advances in Role of Matrix metalloproteinases in Some Dental Diseases

“…It is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide [29]. As quoted by the WHO (2012), "worldwide, 60-90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults have dental cavities, often leading to pain and discomfort".…”

“…The common types of human's dental diseases are caries, periapical and pulpal inflammation (pulpitis), gingival (gingivitis), periodontal (gumperiodontics) problems, oral infectious diseases, trauma from injuries, and hereditary lesions [41]. The inflammatory process is often associated with free radicaldamage and oxidative stress [39], [24,29]. These diseases are considered as chronic problems and are supposed to be due to interaction between the bacteria in oral cavity (oral flora) and the host.…”

Carbon‐nanotube Modified Screen‐printed Electrode for the Simultaneous Determination of Nitrite and Uric Acid in Biological Fluids Using Batch‐injection Amperometric Detection

“…Abnormal blood levels of uric acid (hyperuricemia) may be due to alterations in production or excretion, indicating some renal pathophysiology . In contrast, the uric acid has another role in biologic fluids, as an oxidative‐stress non‐enzimatic defense molecule, contributing with approximately 70 % of the salivary total antioxidant capacity .…”