Saliva/Pathogen Biomarker Signatures and Periodontal Disease Progression

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of saliva-derived biomarkers and periodontal pathogens during periodontal disease progression (PDP). One hundred human participants were recruited into a 12-month investigation. They were seen bi-monthly for saliva and clinical measures and bi-annually for subtraction radiography, serum and plaque biofilm assessments. Saliva and serum were analyzed with protein arrays for 14 pro-inflammatory and bone turnover markers, while qPCR was used for detection of biofilm. A hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to group study participants based on clinical, microbiological, salivary/serum biomarkers, and PDP. Eighty-three individuals completed the six-month monitoring phase, with 39 [corrected] exhibiting PDP, while 44 [corrected] demonstrated stability. Participants assembled into three clusters based on periodontal pathogens, serum and salivary biomarkers. Cluster 1 members displayed high salivary biomarkers and biofilm; 71% [corrected] of these individuals were undergoing PDP. Cluster 2 members displayed low biofilm and biomarker levels; 76% [corrected] of these individuals were stable. Cluster 3 members were not discriminated by PDP status; however, cluster stratification followed groups 1 and 2 based on thresholds of salivary biomarkers and biofilm pathogens. The association of cluster membership to PDP was highly significant (p < 0.0007). [corrected] The use of salivary and biofilm biomarkers offers potential for the identification of PDP or stability (ClinicalTrials.gov number, CT00277745).

Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases

“…63 It has been proposed that not only host-derived factors should be analysed in the saliva but also oral pathogens to be able to predict periodontitis, since it is a multifactorial disease. 64 Indeed, investigators have found that higher salivary of levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia were found in individuals with progressive periodontitis. 65 This phenomenon has also been noted by a recent study, which shows that the combination of salivary P. gingivalis quantity with host specific pathogen response would be useful in diagnosing periodontitis with high accuracy.…”

Periostin is Down-regulated during Periodontal Inflammation

“…Different molecules act in this scenario, reflecting periodontal bone loss activity and susceptibility. However, because this is a highly complex disease, it is unlikely that a single biomarker for disease detection and prediction can be found (Kinney et al, 2011).…”

Orthodontic treatment effects on inflammatory marker profiles in saliva before and after 2 archwire changes

“…Human saliva contains a large number of proteins that comes from salivary glands and GCF, and can be used for diagnosis [10,11] . Saliva could be potentially used to monitor periodontal disease progression or stability [12,13]. In periodontal disease, bacterial infection stimulates local inflammation and alveolar bone loss are characters of this disease [14].…”