Saliva NMR-Based Metabolomics in the War Against COVID-19

Abstract

COVID-19 is an emergent, worldwide public health concern. Joint efforts have been made by scientific communities of various fields to better understand the mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2. The need to understand the pathophysiological fingerprint and pathways of this disease make metabolomics-related approaches an indispensable tool for properly answering concerns relating to disease course. Determination of the metabolomic profile may help to explain the heterogeneous spectra of COVID-19 clinical phenotypes and be useful in monitoring disease progression as well as therapeutic treatments. In this sense, saliva has proven to be a strategic biofluid, owing not only to its appeal as a noninvasive sampling method but also due to the capacity of the virus to invade epithelial cells of the oral mucosa and salivary gland ducts via ACE2 receptors. Accordingly, important changes in metabolism have been described relating to COVID-19, indicating that metabolomics may open new avenues for understanding the pathophysiology of this disease, especially via longitudinal study designs. Thus, we discuss the importance of comprehending the SARS-CoV-2 salivary metabolomic fingerprint and also highlight the situation of Brazil on the frontlines of the war against COVID-19.

Entropy-driven amplified electrochemiluminescence biosensor for RdRp gene of SARS-CoV-2 detection with self-assembled DNA tetrahedron scaffolds

“…Regarding the third pandemic, COVID-19 exhibited higher virulence and infectivity than previous SARS and MERS. Therefore, it is the foremost priority to achieve reliable laboratory identification of SARS-CoV-2 in a fast and accurate way for the epidemic prevention and control of the ravages of COVID-19 ( Chung et al, 2020 ; Costa dos Santos Junior et al, 2020 ). Then a series of viral genomes were released by the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) on the internet, showing that the sequences of this novel coronavirus were closely linked to the agent of SARS outbreak in 2003 ( Udugama et al, 2020 ; Xue et al, 2020 ).…”

The remodel of the “central dogma”: a metabolomics interaction perspective

“…These exceptional omics techniques have made it possible to build the Human Metabolome Database (Wishart et al, 2018 ) and the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (Ulrich et al, 2007 ). The assignment of several metabolites has been extremely important for revealing distinct metabolic pathway shifts related to the phenotype, such as the polyol pathway detour under vitamin D intake (Santos et al, 2017 ), enhanced lipid metabolism in oral cancer (Sant’Anna-Silva, 2018 ), glycerol metabolism in osteoarthritis (de Sousa et al, 2017a , 2017b , 2019 ), glutaminolysis in cancer (DeBerardinis et al, 2007 ; Koczula et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2016 ), tumor microenvironments (Costa Dos Santos et al, 2021 ), and COVID-19 (Costa dos Santos Junior et al, 2020 ).…”

Untargeted saliva metabolomics reveals COVID-19 severity

“…Saliva is itself a carrier of the coronavirus, 12 and has been proposed as a gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection. 13,14 It additionally offers information via its own characteristic metabolites. 15 To date, saliva as a biofluid for metabolism analysis has been used for breast, pancreatic and also oral cancers.…”