Salicylic acid-primed defence response in octoploid strawberry ‘Benihoppe’ leaves induces resistance against Podosphaera aphanis through enhanced accumulation of proanthocyanidins and upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes

Abstract

Background: Podosphaera aphanis, a predominately biotrophic fungal pathogen, causes significant yield losses of strawberry. China is the largest strawberry producer in the world, and selecting for powdery mildew-resistant cultivars is desirable. However, the resistance mechanism against P. aphanis in the octoploid strawberry remains unclear.Results: To understand possible mechanisms of disease resistance, we inoculated strawberry leaves with P. aphanis, and examined the expression profiles of candidate genes and the biochemical phenotypes in strawberry leaves of two groups. The unigenes obtained from ddH 2 O-and SA-pretreated leaves resulted in a total of 48,020 and 45,896 genes, respectively. KEGG enrichment showed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were enriched to a noticeable extent. DEG analysis showed that key TFs genes associated with the SA signaling pathway could play important role in the strawberry-P. aphanis interaction. In particular, FaWRKY70, FaJAZ1 and FaMYC2-like, involved in regulating the antagonistic effect of SA and JA signaling pathway, leading to increased expression of SA-responsive genes (in particular PR1, PR2, PR3, and PR5) compared to a decline in expression of JA-responsive genes (FaJAR1, FaAOS, and FaLOX2). Furthermore, SA pretreatment induced accumulation of PAs by activating the MBW complex and inhibit powdery mildew growth. Conclusions: This study describes the role of the proanthocyanidins (PAs), pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, SA, and transcription factors in regulatory model against P. aphanis, which coincided with an early activation of defense, leading to the accumulation of PAs and the PR proteins.

A cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase CaCKR5 modulates immune response against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in pepper

“…Signaling mediated by SA, JA or ET is involved in plant defense response to different pathogens [ 48 – 50 ]. SA generally acts in positively in plant response to biotrophic pathogen [ 51 ], while JA and ET are usually regarded as the primary regulators during plant response to necrotrophic pathogens [ 52 ]. As CaCRK5 was induced by the infection of R. solanacearum and SA, and not by MeJA and ETH, we speculate that CaCRK5 acts as positive regulator during the early period of pepper response to R. solanacearum , when R. solanacearum is on its biotrophic stage.…”

Stomatal Closure Sets in Motion Long-Term Strategies of Plant Defense Against Microbial Pathogens

“…Plant hormones (e.g., SA, methyl salicylate, MJ) and even PAs could induce systemic resistance (Bürger and Chory, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2019 ; Seifi et al, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2019 ). These hormones (ABA/MJ/SA) primed the plant tissue to stand against pathogens (Agostini et al, 2019 ; Feng et al, 2020 ). These observations open up several exciting lines of work for further research.…”

Staphylococcus aureus Synergized with Candida albicans to Increase the Pathogenesis and Drug Resistance in Cutaneous Abscess and Peritonitis Murine Models

“…Sequencing reads were statistically analyzed, and quality was assessed by FASTQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/, accessed date: 28 February 2018) and then processed by Trimmomatic to remove adapter sequences and low-quality reads with average quality scores lower than 15. Reads that were less than 50 base pairs (bp) after trimming were also excluded from further genome mapping [60][61][62][63]. Transcriptome analysis, including data processing, mapping of reads, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment analysis, was performed according to previous instructions [64][65][66].…”

“…Cluster analysis was carried out based on the heat map, and the results were drawn as tree maps (pedigree maps) in the heat map. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was conducted through the Blast2GO software, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used for metabolic pathway analysis through the KOBAS2.0 software [60][61][62][63]. The sequencing data from this study have been submitted (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA700494) to NCBI's Sequence Read Archive under accession no.…”