Sagittal distal limb kinematics inside the hoof capsule captured using high-speed fluoroscopy in walking and trotting horses

Roach, J.M.; Pfau, Thilo; Bryars, J; Unt, V. E.; Channon, Anthony J.; Weller, R.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.06.014

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…1) Different functional and kinematic properties between front and back limb 10, 11, 2) different kinematic features between walk and trot 12, 3) detection of hoof events, based on sensors placed on an adjacent body segment, and 4) interindividual variations in limb kinematics 13.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot

Bragança

Bosch

Voskamp³

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryBackgroundInertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor‐based techniques are becoming more popular in horses as a tool for objective locomotor assessment.ObjectivesTo describe, evaluate and validate a method of stride detection and quantification at walk and trot using distal limb mounted IMU sensors.Study designProspective validation study comparing IMU sensors and motion capture with force plate data.MethodsA total of seven Warmblood horses equipped with metacarpal/metatarsal IMU sensors and reflective markers for motion capture were hand walked and trotted over a force plate. Using four custom built algorithms hoof‐on/hoof‐off timing over the force plate were calculated for each trial from the IMU data. Accuracy of the computed parameters was calculated as the mean difference in milliseconds between the IMU or motion capture generated data and the data from the force plate, precision as the s.d. of these differences and percentage of error with accuracy of the calculated parameter as a percentage of the force plate stance duration.ResultsAccuracy, precision and percentage of error of the best performing IMU algorithm for stance duration at walk were 28.5, 31.6 ms and 3.7% for the forelimbs and −5.5, 20.1 ms and −0.8% for the hindlimbs, respectively. At trot the best performing algorithm achieved accuracy, precision and percentage of error of −27.6/8.8 ms/−8.4% for the forelimbs and 6.3/33.5 ms/9.1% for the hindlimbs.Main limitationsThe described algorithms have not been assessed on different surfaces.ConclusionsInertial measurement unit technology can be used to determine temporal kinematic stride variables at walk and trot justifying its use in gait and performance analysis. However, precision of the method may not be sufficient to detect all possible lameness‐related changes. These data seem promising enough to warrant further research to evaluate whether this approach will be useful for appraising the majority of clinically relevant gait changes encountered in practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot

Bragança

Bosch

Voskamp³

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…This finding is consistent with previous studies of horse foot kinematics in both walking and trotting, which have shown that the PIP and DIP joints maintain a similar motion pattern in those gaits, with changes evident only in the amounts of rotation (Chateau, Degueurce & Denoix 2004;Clayton et al, 2007b). Whilst the greater flexion of the DIP joint relative to the PIP joint after mid-stance and at late stance is in accord with previous research on walking and trotting horses in shod and unshod conditions (Clayton et al, 2007b;Roach et al, 2015;Roepstorff, Johnston & Drevemo 1999), our study did not record extension of either the PIP or the DIP joints after the mid-stance phase of stance. This may be due to individual behaviour of the horse we used in our analysis and/or the limited space the animal walked on, and is complicated by our small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Supplemental Information 4: Degrees of Motion for Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) and Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joints for Th

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Horse racing is a multi-billion-dollar industry that has raised welfare concerns due to disabled and euthanized animals. Whilst the cause of musculoskeletal injuries that lead to horse morbidity and mortality is multifactorial, pre-existing pathologies, increased speeds and substrate of the racecourse are likely contributors to foot disease. The hooves of horses have the ability to naturally deform during locomotion and dissipate locomotor stresses, yet farriery approaches are utilised to increase performance and protect hooves from wear. Previous studies have assessed the effect of different shoe designs on locomotor performance; however, no biomechanical study has hitherto measured the effect of horseshoes on the stresses of the foot skeleton in vivo. As there is a need to reduce musculoskeletal injuries in racing and training horses, it is crucial to understand the natural function of the feet of horses and how this is influenced by shoe design. This preliminary study introduces a novel combination of three-dimensional data from biplanar radiography, inverse dynamics, and finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the effect of a stainless steel shoe on the function of a Thoroughbred horse's front foot during walking.Our results show that the stainless steel shoe increases craniocaudal, mediolateral and vertical GRFs at mid-stance. We document a similar pattern of flexion-extension in the PIP (pastern) and DIP (coffin) joint between the unshod and shod conditions, yet variation in the degrees of rotations are encountered throughout the stance phase. In particular, in both the shod and unshod conditions, the PIP joint extends between the 10-40% of the stance phase and flexes before mid-stance and until the end of the stance phase. Similarly the DIP joint extends until the 40% of stance and then flexes until the end of the stance phase. Overall at mid-stance the PIP joint extends more at the shod (-2.9o) than the unshod (-1.5o) horse, whilst the DIP joint extends more at the unshod (-3.6o), than the shod (-2.8o) condition. We also document that the DIP joint flexes more than the PIP after mid-stance and until the end of the stance in both conditions. Our FEA results show increased von Mises stresses on the fore foot phalanges in the shod condition at midstance, indicating that the steel shoe increases mechanical loading. Our preliminary study illustrates how the shoe may influence the dynamics and mechanics of a Thoroughbred horse's forefoot during slow walking, but more research is needed to quantify the effect of the shoe on the equine forefoot during the whole stance phase, at faster speeds/gaits and with more individuals as well as with a similar focus on the hind feet. We anticipate that our preliminary analysis using advanced methodological approaches will pave the way for new directions in research on the form/function relationship of the equine foot, with the ultimate goal to minimise foot injuries and improve animal health and welfare.A preliminary case study of the effect of shoe-wearing on the biomech...

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“…In den vorangegangenen Untersuchungen wurde zudem erhoben, dass der palmare Winkel des Hufbeins zwischen 3 -6° liegt (Caudron et al 1997, Cripps und Eustace 1999, Kummer et al 2006. Weiterhin wird das Hufgelenk als Verbindung zum Kronbein, genau wie das Fesselgelenk, als "High Motion Joint" bezeichnet, was sich auf die ausgeprägte Beweglichkeit dieser Gelenke in der sagittalen Ebene (Extension -Flexion) bezieht (Clayton 2010, Roach et al 2014. Im Gegensatz dazu wird das Krongelenk als "Low Motion Joint" bezeichnet (Mcilwraith 1982, Roach et al 2014.…”

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“…Weiterhin wird das Hufgelenk als Verbindung zum Kronbein, genau wie das Fesselgelenk, als "High Motion Joint" bezeichnet, was sich auf die ausgeprägte Beweglichkeit dieser Gelenke in der sagittalen Ebene (Extension -Flexion) bezieht (Clayton 2010, Roach et al 2014. Im Gegensatz dazu wird das Krongelenk als "Low Motion Joint" bezeichnet (Mcilwraith 1982, Roach et al 2014. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass eine Änderung des palmaren Winkels sich insbesondere auf den Winkel von Huf-und Fesselgelenk auswirkt.…”

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“…Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass eine Änderung des palmaren Winkels sich insbesondere auf den Winkel von Huf-und Fesselgelenk auswirkt. Andere Arbeitsgruppen untersuchten daher den Zusammenhang zwischen der Ände-rung des palmaren Winkels und der Ausrichtung von Kronund Fesselbein (Roach et al 2014). Es besteht die Annahme, dass die Zunahme des palmaren Winkels ein Absinken von Kron und Fesselbein nach sich zieht (Denoix 1985, Denoix 1999, Chateau et al 2004.…”

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Untersuchung des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Bodenbeschaffenheiten auf die Ausrichtung der distalen Zehenknochen des Pferdes

Hagen¹,

Hüppler²,

Häfner³

et al. 2015

PHK

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Zusammenfassung: Pferde werden in ihrem Arbeitsalltag in der Regel mit sehr unterschiedlichen Bodenbeschaffenheiten konfrontiert. Ziel dieser Studie war die Schaffung vergleichbarer Daten über den Einfluss verschiedener Bodenbeschaffenheiten auf die Ausrichtung der distalen Zehenknochen des Pferdes als Wissensgrundlage für Tiermediziner, Schmiede und Patientenbesitzer. Die jeweils linke Vordergliedmaße von 25 Warmblutpferden wurde nach der Hufzubereitung röntgenologisch untersucht (0°,90°). Im Rahmen eines standardisierten Röntgen-protokolls, wurden alle Hufe zur optimalen Zentralstrahlausrichtung nach den gleichen Richtpunkten markiert und die Einstellungen der Geräte, sowie der technische Aufbau konstant gehalten. Der verwendete Röntgenblock von Eponatech mit integrierten Kalibrationspunkten, wurde zusätzlich modifiziert, so dass ein Holzblock mit einem eigens angefertigten weichen Kissen ausgetauscht werden konnte, um festen und verformbaren Boden simulieren zu können. Die Analyse der Röntgenbilder wurde anschließend mit dem Programm Metron PX durchgeführt. Durch das individuelle Einsinken des Hufes auf weichem Boden, wurde die Ausrichtung der distalen Phalanx sowohl in der dorsopalmaren, als auch in der mediolateralen Ebene, am meisten beeinflusst. In der 90°-Projektion richtete sich das Hufbein im Mittel um 1,39°±1,08° steiler in der Hufkapsel aus, während sich die Ausrichtung in der 0°-Projektion um 0,78°±1,01° änderte. Die Stellungsän-derung der mittleren und proximalen Phalanx, ebenso wie die Hufgelenkssysmmetrie zeigten sehr heterogene Daten, aus denen sich keine verlässlichen Ableitungen ziehen lassen konnten. Unterschiedliche Bodenbeschaffenheiten können die Ausrichtung von Huf und Hufbein maßgeblich beeinflussen und damit auch die Belastung von assoziierten Strukturen wie Sehnen und Bändern verändern, was bei entsprechenden Erkrankungen dieser Strukturen zu berücksichtigen ist. Der Einfluss der Stellungsänderung der distalen Phalanx hinsichtlich der Auswirkung auf die oberen Zehenknochen bleibt unklar und bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.An Examination of the influence of different ground properties on the alignment of the distal equine toe bones Horses are confronted with a variety of different ground conditions in their everyday life. Therefore the aim of this study was to gather comparable data on the influence of different ground properties on the phalangeal alignment of the distal equine toe bones as basis for future studies and communication between veterinarians, farriers and patient owners. The left forelimbs of 25 warmblood horses underwent radiological examination directly after trimming. Following a standardized measurement protocol, which included the permanent marking of the hoof following predefined landmarks of the hoof capsule and a uniform setup for the radiologic examinations (60 kV, 0.2 mAs/s, focus-film distance 75 cm), a 0° and a 90° projection of the toe region of the left forelimb was produced. The examined hoof was placed on a podoblock by Eponatech with imbedded reference point...

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Sagittal distal limb kinematics inside the hoof capsule captured using high-speed fluoroscopy in walking and trotting horses

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot

Validation of distal limb mounted inertial measurement unit sensors for stride detection in Warmblood horses at walk and trot

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Untersuchung des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Bodenbeschaffenheiten auf die Ausrichtung der distalen Zehenknochen des Pferdes

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